Formation of Adult Learning Systems in Central Europe (eBook)

Series Editors’ Note 7
Preface 9
Contents 11
Abbreviations 16
List of Figures 18
List of Tables 22
Part I: Introduction 24
Chapter 1: The Objective of the Book 25
1.1 Content of the Publication 26
1.2 Significance of AET 27
1.3 Adult Learning Systems 28
1.4 Un-systemic Nature of ALSs 28
1.5 Adult Education and Training 29
1.6 Participation Constraints 31
1.7 Central Europe: Spatial-Temporal Framework 32
Part II: Theory 34
Chapter 2: Typologies of ALS 35
2.1 Two Theoretical Approaches to ALSs 36
2.1.1 Typologies Built from Above 37
Formal Education Systems and AET 37
Welfare State Regime Typology and AET 39
Empirical Support 40
Variety of Capitalism Typology and AET 41
Empirical Support 44
Enlarged Model of WSR and VoC 45
Empirical Support 48
2.1.2 Critique of ALSs Typologies Built from Above 49
The Problem of Social Change 49
The Problem of the Research Unit 52
2.1.3 Typologies Built From Below 53
Skill Formation Systems Typology 53
Desjardin?s Typology of ALS 55
Verdier’s Lifelong Learning Systems Typology 57
2.1.4 Two Types of Theorising Regarding ALSs 58
Chapter 3: Participation Theories in AET 60
3.1 Theoretical Approaches to Participation 60
3.1.1 Macro Social Mechanism 62
3.1.2 Meso Social Mechanisms 62
Occupational Status 63
Employer Size 63
Economic Sector 64
3.1.3 Microsocial Factors 64
Education 64
Economic Status 65
Age 65
Gender 66
3.2 Global Empirical Trends 66
Chapter 4: Barriers to Participation in AET 67
4.1 Types of Barriers 67
4.2 Current Findings 69
Part III: Analytical Approach and Methodology 70
Chapter 5: General Analytical Approach 71
5.1 Global Adult Learning Space (GALS): Mapping Quantitative Features of ALSs 72
5.2 Institutional History: Mapping Qualitative Features of ALSs 76
5.2.1 Coordination Side 77
5.2.2 Supply Side 78
5.2.3 Demand Side 78
5.3 Sensitive Concepts 79
5.3.1 Critical Junctures 79
5.3.2 Coalitions 79
5.3.3 Path Dependency 80
5.3.4 Diffusion, State Capacity and Weak Institutions 81
5.3.5 Pace and Sequencing of ALSs Formation 81
5.3.6 Drift and Conversion 82
5.3.7 External Pressure on Institutions 82
Chapter 6: Methodology 84
6.1 Large-N Quantitative Analysis 85
6.1.1 Available Data 85
6.1.2 Measuring Adult Participation 86
6.1.3 Limits of Secondary Data and their Availability 87
6.2 Small-N Qualitative Analysis 87
6.2.1 Data Used 88
Part IV: Formation Paths of ALSs in CE 89
Chapter 7: Hungary 92
7.1 Early Formation Period: The 1990s 92
7.1.1 The Coordination Side of ALS: Toward the Withdrawal of the State 93
7.1.2 The Supply Side of ALS: Birth of Deregulated AET Market 94
7.1.3 The Demand Side of ALS: Inherited Social Structure 95
7.2 Development Phase: The 2000s 96
7.2.1 The Coordination Side of ALS: Introducing a Legislative and Regulative Framework 96
7.2.2 The Supply Side of ALS: From Free to Segmented Market 98
7.2.3 The Demand Side of ALS: Increasing Demand among High-Skilled Adults 99
7.3 Late Phase: The 2010s 100
7.3.1 ALS Coordination Side: Turn to Centralisation and Specialisation 100
7.3.2 The Supply Side of ALS: From Segmented to Directly Regulated Market 102
7.3.3 The Demand Side of ALS: Slowdown of Social Transformation with High Demand for Low-Skilled Work 102
Chapter 8: The Czech Republic 104
8.1 Early Formation Period: The 1990s 104
8.1.1 The Coordination Side of ALS: The Transition from Socialism to Capitalism 104
8.1.2 The Supply Side of ALS: Quick Birth of Free Market 106
8.1.3 The Demand Side of ALS: Structural Constraints 106
8.2 Development Phase: The 2000s 107
8.2.1 The Coordination Side of ALS: Attempts to Regulate AET Field 107
8.2.2 The Supply Side of ALS: Expansion and Regulation of the Supply 110
8.2.3 The Demand Side of ALS: Remaining Structural Constraints 111
8.3 Late Formation Phase: The 2010s 111
8.3.1 The Coordination Side of ALS: Step Back to Deregulation 112
8.3.2 The Supply Side of ALS: Toward Highly Differentiated and Employers-Oriented Market 113
8.3.3 The Demand Side of ALS: Limited Acceleration in Demand 114
Chapter 9: Slovakia 116
9.1 Early Formation Period: The 1990s 116
9.1.1 The Coordination Side of ALS: Decentralisation of AET 116
9.1.2 The Supply Side of ALS: Emergence of a Deregulated Market 117
9.1.3 The Demand Side of ALS: Socioeconomic Constraints 118
9.2 Development Period: The 2000s 119
9.2.1 The Coordination Side of ALS: Introducing a Weak Form of Regulation 120
9.2.2 The Supply Side of ALS: Growth of the Uncoordinated Market 121
9.2.3 The Demand Side of ALS: Stagnated Demand 122
9.3 Late Formation Phase: The 2010s 123
9.3.1 The Coordination Side of ALS: Attempts in an Extension of Regulation 123
9.3.2 The Supply Side of ALS: Growth of Employers’ Supply of AET 124
9.3.3 The Demand Side of ALS: Improving Conditions for AET Demand 125
Chapter 10: Poland 127
10.1 Early Formation Period: The 1990s 127
10.1.1 The Coordination Side of ALS: The Transition from Socialism to Capitalism 127
10.1.2 The Supply Side of ALS: Formation of State-Dominant AET Market 129
10.1.3 The Demand Side of ALS: Structural Constraints and Slow Transformation 129
10.2 Development Phase: The 2000s 130
10.2.1 The Coordination Side of ALS: Differentiation and Specialisation 131
10.2.2 The Supply Side of ALS: Strengthening of FAE Provision 133
10.2.3 The Demand Side of ALS: Strong Constraints 134
10.3 Late Formation Phase: The 2010s 135
10.3.1 The Coordination Side of ALS: Vocationalisation and Homogenisation 135
10.3.2 The Supply Side of ALS: Persistent Pattern 136
10.3.3 The Demand Side of ALS: Slow Rise in Demand 137
References 90
Part V: CE ALSs in Global Adult Learning Space 138
Chapter 11: Vertical Axis: Volume of Participation 140
11.1 Participation in AET with a 12-Month Referential Period 140
11.2 Participation in AET with a 4-Weeks Referential Period 142
11.3 Getting Closer to the EU? 145
11.4 Participation in AET Based on Training Hours 147
Chapter 12: First Horizontal Axis: The Extensification of AET 149
Chapter 13: Second Horizontal Axis: Orientation Toward FAE 153
13.1 Long-Term Trends in FAE 153
13.2 Changes in the Role of FAE 156
Chapter 14: Third Horizontal Axis: Employers’ Support of NFE 159
14.1 Long-Term Trends in Job-Related NFE 159
14.2 Uneven Paths of CE ALSs 163
Chapter 15: Fourth Horizontal Axis: Public Provision of NFE 166
15.1 Public Provision of NFE 166
15.2 Pathways of CE ALSs 168
Chapter 16: Fifth Horizontal Axis: Demand for AET 170
16.1 Perceived Demand for AET 170
16.2 Adults with No Demand for AET 172
16.3 A Decline in No Demand for AET in CE ALS 173
Summary of Part V 175
Part VI: Patterns of Participation and Barriers in CE ALSs 178
Chapter 17: Participation Patterns in AET 179
17.1 Participation Based on Age 180
17.2 Participation Based on Gender 181
17.3 Participation Based on the Highest Attained Education 183
17.4 Participation Based on Economic Status 185
17.5 Participation Based on Occupation Status 187
Chapter 18: Barriers to Participation in AET 192
18.1 Commonalities in Barriers 192
18.2 Differences in Barriers 194
18.3 Barriers Among Those Who Did Not Want to Participate 195
Summary of the Part VI 197
Patterns of Inequality 198
Trends in Inequality 199
Patterns of Barriers 200
Part VII: Discussion and Conclussion 202
Chapter 19: Three Stages of ALSs Formation in CE 203
19.1 Years of Transition (1989–2003) 204
19.2 Years of Accession (2004–2012) 205
19.3 Years of Economic Recovery (2013–2019) 206
19.4 Multidimensionality and Multipath of Institutional Change 207
Chapter 20: Key Drivers of ALSs Formation in CE 209
20.1 Europeanisation of ALSs Matters, but… 209
20.2 National Policy Matters, but… 211
20.2.1 Institutional Instability and Secondary Priority of AET 213
20.3 Social Structure Matters, but… 213
20.3.1 Matthew Effect and Partial Democratisation 215
20.4 Dependent Market Capitalism Matters, but… 216
20.5 Welfare State Policy Matters, but… 217
Chapter 21: Conclusion 219
21.1 Summary 219
21.2 Policy Recommendations 222
21.3 Future Directions 225
References 228