The Protection of Civilians in Peacekeeping Operations

Tamer Morris, Ph.D. (2021), University of Sydney, is a lecturer in International Law at University of Sydney Law School.

Acknowledgement


Note on Previous Publications and Presentations


Introduction

 1 The Evolution of the Protection of Civilians Mandate


 2 Peacekeeping Structure and Deployment


 3 Methodology




1 The Legal Obligation to Protect Civilians

 1 The Legal Obligation of the Protection of Civilians Mandate

 1.1 The Positive Obligation to Protect on tcc s and UN


 1.2 The Obligation on the UN


 1.3 The Obligation of the Host State




 2 The Content of the Obligation to Protect

 2.1 Obligation to Protect under ihl


 2.2 Obligation to Protect in ihrl




 3 Protection of Civilians and Humanitarian Intervention


 4 Conclusion




2 The Interpretation of Protection

 1 What Is Protection?


 2 Interpreting the Impossible Mandate

 2.1 Multi-Dimensional Peacekeeping




 3 The Language of the Protection of Civilians Mandate

 3.1 Protection from Physical Violence




 4 Qualifications to the Obligation to Protect

 4.1 Preventive Protection


 4.2 Proactive Protection and the Rise of Protection Forces




 5 Protection and Promotion of Human Rights

 5.1 Human Rights Protection in UN Peacekeeping


 5.2 Social, Political and Economic Rights


 5.3 Humanitarian Protection




 6 The Core ‘Constitutional’ Principles

 6.1 Consent


 6.2 Impartiality


 6.3 The Use of Force in Self-Defence




 7 Conclusion




3 Protection from threats of Physical Violence and ihl

 1 Central Theme of Physical Violence

 1.1 The Focus on the Use of Force to Protect


 1.2 A Legal Indicator to the Use of Force




 2 The Application of ihl in UN Peace Missions


 3 Classification of Conflict Involving UN Peace Missions

 3.1 Status of Peacekeepers in Armed Conflict


 3.2 Scope and Duration of ihl




 4 The Obligation to Protect and ihl

 4.1 Counter-Terrorist Measures




 5 Priority of Protection and Self-Defence


 6 Conclusion




4 Law Enforcement under the Protection of Civilians Mandate

 1 unpol in UN Peacekeeping


 2 Protection of Civilians Mandate for unpol

 2.1 Protection against Sexual and Gender-Based Violence




 3 Law Enforcement and Detention in UN Peace Missions


 4 Detentions Made by Peacekeepers

 4.1 Legal Grounds for Detention


 4.2 Treatment of Security Detainees




 5 Transferring and Releasing Detainees

 5.1 The Principle of Non-refoulement




 6 Conclusion




5 The Protection of Women and Children

 1 Women and Children as ‘Vulnerable’ Civilians


 2 Protection under the Maintenance of International Peace and Security


 3 The Protection from Conflict-Related Sexual Violence


 4 Child Protection

 4.1 The Protections Afforded to Children in Armed Conflict


 4.2 Defining the ‘Child’ under the Law


 4.3 Protection Provided to Child Soldiers


 4.4 ddr Process and Child Soldiers


 4.5 Incidental Removal of Children from Armed Groups


 4.6 Use of Force against Child Soldiers




 5 Protection against Child Soldiers


 6 Protection Advisors and Training


 7 Conclusion




6 The Protection of idp s

 1 Protection of idp s


 2 Protection of idp Camps

 2.1 UN Effective Control over Individuals and idp Camps


 2.2 Security Risks Due to Lack of Planning of idp Camps


 2.3 Security Risk from Poor Design of idp Camps




 3 Protection of Human Rights in idp Camps

 3.1 The Right to Food and Water


 3.2 The Right to Education


 3.3 Protection of Access to Health Care




 4 Conclusion




7 Accountability for Failure to Protect

 1 Accountability of Peacekeepers’ Actions

 1.1 UN Operational Control and tcc/pcc Disciplinary Responsibility




 2 Law of State and Organisational Responsibility

 2.1 Effective Control Test


 2.2 Joint Responsibility of UN Peace Operations


 2.3 Civilian Peacekeepers




 3 Immunity of the UN


 4 Individual Peacekeeper Accountability

 4.1 Immunity from Host State Jurisdiction


 4.2 Accountability under tcc/pcc Military Code




 5 The Responsibility of the tcc/pcc under International Law


 6 Obligation on the UN Leadership


 7 Conclusion




Conclusion


Appendix 1 Timeline of Protection of Civilians in Peacekeeping


Appendix 2 Summary of Peacekeeping Missions from 1999 to April 2024


Appendix 3 List of Questions Asked to Participants


Bibliography


Index