Inclusive Classroom, The

Margo Mastropieri, Ph.D., is University Professor Emerita, College of Education and Human Development, George Mason University. She has served as a Diagnostic-Remediator for the Learning Center at Mount Holyoke College, and as a classroom teacher for students with special needs, from preschool to secondary levels, in Massachusetts and Arizona. Prior to her present position, she served as University Professor of Special Education at George Mason University. Earlier she was a Professor of Special Education at Purdue University, and as Assistant Professor of Special Education at Utah State University, where she also worked as a researcher at the Early Intervention Research Institute. She earned her Ph.D. from Arizona State University. She has co-directed federally funded research projects in mnemonic strategy instruction, inclusive science and social studies education, and writing instruction at the elementary, middle school, and high school levels, in addition to directing undergraduate and doctoral level personnel preparation grants. From 1991 to 1997 she served as Co-Editor of Learning Disabilities Research & Practice, the journal of the Division for Learning Disabilities of the Council for Exceptional Children. From 1992 to 2011 she served as Co-Editor of the research annual Advances in Learning and Behavioral Disabilities (Emerald). From 2009 to 2015 she served as Co-Editor of Exceptional Children, the research journal for the Council for Exceptional Children. Among her publications are over 200 journal articles, 67 chapters in books, and 31 co-authored or co-edited books. In 2007, she was awarded the distinguished University Professor title from George Mason University. In 2008 she was the recipient of a Teaching Excellence Award at George Mason University, In 2010, she was the recipient of the Virginia Outstanding faculty Award, which is the Commonwealth’s highest honor for faculty at Virginia’s public and private colleges and universities. Tom Scruggs is University Professor Emeritus, George Mason University. He served as a classroom teacher for students with special needs, including gifted students, from preschool to secondary levels in Massachusetts and Arizona. Prior to his present position, he served as University Professor of Special Education at George Mason University. Earlier he was a Professor of Special Education at Purdue University, where he also had served as Director of the Purdue Achievement Center; and as a Research Assistant Professor at Utah State University. He earned his Ph.D. from Arizona State University. He has directed or co-directed externally funded research projects in peer tutoring, test-taking skills, mnemonic strategy instruction, and inclusive science and social studies education, at the elementary, middle school, and high school levels. From 1991 to 1997 he served as Co-Editor of Learning Disabilities Research & Practice, the journal of the Division for Learning Disabilities of the Council for Exceptional Children. From 1992 to 2011 he served as Co-Editor of the research annual Advances in Learning and Behavioral Disabilities (Emerald). Since 2009 to 2015 he served as Co-Editor of Exceptional Children. Among his publications (mostly in collaboration with Margo Mastropieri) are over 200 journal articles, 61 chapters in books, and 32 co-authored or co-edited books. In 2010, he received the Scholarly Achievement Award from the College of Education and Human Development at George Mason University. Both authors are the recipients of the 2006 “CEC Special Education Research Award,” as well as the 2011 “Distinguished Research Award” from the American Educational Research Association: Special Education Special Interest Group for their research efforts in working with and advocating on behalf of individuals with exceptionalities.

Brief Contents

PART 1 THE FUNDAMENTALS

Introduction to Inclusive Teaching
Collaboration: Partnerships and Procedures
Teaching Students with Higher-Incidence Disabilities
Teaching Students with Autism and Lower-Incidence Disabilities
Teaching Students with Other Special Learning Needs

PART 2 DEVELOPING EFFECTIVE TEACHING SKILLS

Effective Differentiated Instruction for All Students
Response to Intervention and Multi-Tiered Systems of Support
Improving Motivation and Social Behavior
Promoting Inclusion with Classroom Peers
Improving Attention and Memory
Teaching Study Skills
Assessment

PART 3 TEACHING IN THE CONTENT AREAS

Literacy
Mathematics
Science, Social Studies, and Transitions





PART 1 THE FUNDAMENTALS

CHAPTER 1: Introduction to Inclusive Teaching

LEARNING OUTCOMES
What Are the Educational Rights for Individuals with Disabilities?
The Least Restrictive Environment

Where Are Students with Disabilities Served?
Mainstreaming and Inclusion,
Who Is


Served Under IDEA?
Other Instances of Classroom Diversity,
Legal Foundations

Legal Proceedings and Legislation,
Section 504,
Americans with Disabilities Act,
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA),
No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) of 2001 and Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) of 2015,


Models of Service Delivery

The Continuum of Services,
Where Are Most Students with Disabilities Served?
What Are General Education Classroom and Consultation Services?
What Are Resource and Self-Contained Services?
Special Schools and Special Facilities,
What Other Related Services Are Available?
Full Inclusion,
What Does This Debate Mean for Teachers?
Teacher Attitudes,


SUMMARY


CHAPTER 2: Collaboration: Partnerships and Procedures

LEARNING OUTCOMES
Collaboration to Meet Students’ Needs

Shared Goals,


Effective Communication

Strategies for Communicating Effectively,


Collaboration and Communication for Intervention

General Education Prereferral Request,
The Intervention Process,


Collaboration for Referrals and Placements
Collaboration as Partnerships

Consultation Between Special and General Educators,
Co-Teaching,
Strategies for Collaborating with Paraprofessionals,
Strategies for Collaborating Effectively with Parents and Families,


SUMMARY
INCLUSION CHECKLIST


CHAPTER 3: Teaching Students with Higher-Incidence Disabilities

LEARNING OUTCOMES
Speech or Language Impairments

Prevalence, Definitions, and Characteristics of Speech or Language Impairments,
Causes of Speech or Language Impairments,
Identification and Assessment of Speech or Language Impairments,
Strategies for Making Adaptations for Students with Speech or Language Impairments,


Learning Disabilities

Prevalence and Definitions of Learning Disabilities,
Causes of Learning Disabilities,
Issues in Identification and Assessment of Learning Disabilities,
Characteristics of Learning Disabilities,
Strategies for Making Classroom Adaptations for Students with Learning Disabilities,


Intellectual Disabilities

Prevalence and Definitions of Intellectual Disabilities,
Causes of Intellectual Disabilities,
Issues in Identification and Assessment of Intellectual Disabilities,
Characteristics of Intellectual Disabilities,
Strategies for Making Classroom Adaptations for Students with Intellectual Disabilities,


Emotional Disturbance

Prevalence and Definitions of Emotional Disturbance,
Causes of Emotional Disturbance,
Issues in Identification and Assessment of Emotional Disturbance,
Characteristics of Emotional Disturbance,
Strategies for Making Classroom Adaptations for Students with Emotional Disturbance,


Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Definitions, Prevalence, and Characteristics of ADHD,
Causes of ADHD,
Issues in Identification and Assessment of ADHD,
Strategies for Making Classroom Adaptations for Students with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder,


SUMMARY
INCLUSION CHECKLIST


CHAPTER 4: Teaching Students with Autism and Lower-Incidence Disabilities

LEARNING OUTCOMES
Autism

Prevalence, Definitions, and Characteristics of Autism,
Strategies for Making Classroom Adaptations for Students with Autism,


Physical Disabilities and Other Health Impairments

Prevalence, Definitions, and Characteristics of Physical Disabilities and Other Health Impairments,
Physical and Health-Related Disabilities,
Strategies for Making Classroom Adaptations for Students with Physical Disabilities and Other Health Impairments,


Severe and Multiple Disabilities

Prevalence, Definitions, and Characteristics of Severe and Multiple Disabilities,
Strategies for Making Classroom Adaptations for Students with Severe and Multiple Disabilities,


Visual Impairments

Prevalence, Definitions, and Characteristics of Visual Impairments,
Strategies for Making Classroom Adaptations for Students with Visual Impairments,


Hearing Impairments Including Deafness

Prevalence, Definitions, and Characteristics of Hearing Impairments,
Educational Programming,
Strategies for Making Classroom Adaptations for Students with Hearing Impairments,


SUMMARY
INCLUSION CHECKLIST


CHAPTER 5: Teaching Students with Other Special Learning Needs

LEARNING OUTCOMES
Gifted, Creative, and Talented

Definitions, Prevalence, and Characteristics of Gifted, Creative, and Talented,
Issues in Identification and Assessment of Gifted, Creative, and Talented,
Strategies for Making Adaptations for Students Who Are Gifted, Creative, and Talented,


Students Who Are Culturally and Linguistically Diverse

Prevalence, Definitions, and Characteristics of Culturally and Linguistically Diverse


Students,
Issues in Identification and Assessment of Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Students,
Strategies for Making Adaptations for Students from Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Backgrounds,
Students at Risk

Definitions, Prevalence, and Characteristics of Students at Risk,
Coordinating Instruction with Compensatory Education Programs,
Strategies for Making Adaptations for Students at Risk,


SUMMARY
INCLUSION CHECKLIST



PART 2: DEVELOPING EFFECTIVE TEACHING SKILLS

CHAPTER 6: Effective Differentiated Instruction for All Students

LEARNING OUTCOMES
What Is Differentiated Instruction?
Promoting Effective Differentiated Instruction: The PASS Variables
P: Prioritize Instruction

Strategies for Planning for Content Coverage,


A: Adapt Instructional Methods, Instructional Materials, or the Learning Environment

Strategies for Making Adaptations,


S: Systematically Teach with the SCREAM Variables

Strategies for Implementing the SCREAM Variables,
Strategies for Maximizing On-Task Behavior,
Strategies for Maximizing Time for Learning,


S: Systematically Evaluate the Outcomes of Your Instruction

Strategies for Promoting Systematic Evaluation of Instruction,


Putting the PASS Variables to Work: Including Model Lesson Components in Instruction
SUMMARY
INCLUSION CHECKLIST


CHAPTER 7: Response to Intervention and Multi-Tiered Systems of Support

LEARNING OUTCOMES
What Is RTI?
Schoolwide Screening, Progress Monitoring, and Data-Based Decision Making

Strategies for Administering Schoolwide Screening,
Strategies for Progress Monitoring and Data-Based Decision Making,


Tier 1: Effective Instruction in General Education

Features of Tier 1 Instruction,
Strategies for Implementation of Tier 1 Instruction,


Tier 2: Intervention to Remediate

Features of Tier 2 Instruction,
Strategies for Implementation of Tier 2 Instruction,
Considerations in Implementation of Tier 2 Instruction,


Tier 3: Individualized, Intensive Instruction

Strategies for Implementation of Tier 3 Instruction,


Fidelity of Implementation

Strategies for Determining Fidelity of Implementation,
Strategies for Implementing RTI at The Secondary Level,


Challenges with Implementing RTI
SUMMARY
INCLUSION CHECKLIST


CHAPTER 8: Improving Motivation and Social Behavior

LEARNING OUTCOMES
Setting the Stage for Academic Success

Strategies for Improving Motivation and Affect,


Improving Classroom Behavior and Social Skills

Managing Classroom Behavior,
Strategies for Observing and Recording Classroom Behavior,
Strategies for Using Effective Classroom Management Methods,
Strategies for Less-Intensive Classroom Management Methods,
Strategies for More Formal Classroom Management Methods,
Strategies for Handling Classroom Confrontations,
Strategies for Implementing Schoolwide Discipline Systems,
Strategies for Confronting Bullying,


Teaching Social Skills

Strategies for Social Skills Training,


SUMMARY
INCLUSION CHECKLIST


CHAPTER 9: Promoting Inclusion with Classroom Peers

LEARNING OUTCOMES
Peer-Supported Social Acceptance

Strategies for Promoting Social Acceptance,


Peer Assistance

Strategies for Enlisting Peer Assistance,


Peer Tutoring

Benefits of Peer Tutoring,
Strategies for Implementing a Tutoring Program,
Strategies for Promoting Learning with Classwide Peer Tutoring,


Cooperative Learning

Strategies for Implementing Cooperative Learning,
Advantages and Challenges of Cooperative Learning,


SUMMARY
INCLUSION CHECKLIST


CHAPTER 10: Improving Attention and Memory

LEARNING OUTCOMES
Attention

Attention and Students with Special Needs,
Strategies for Improving Attention,
Strategies for Addressing Extreme Cases of Attention Deficits,


Memory

Strategies for Improving Memory,
Strategies for Improving Memory with Mnemonic Techniques,


SUMMARY
INCLUSION CHECKLIST


CHAPTER 11: Teaching Study Skills

LEARNING OUTCOMES
Tools for Developing Independent Learners

Strategies for Developing Personal Organizational Skills,
Strategies for Promoting Listening Skills,
Strategies for Teaching Note-Taking Skills,


Research and Reference Skills

Strategies for Teaching Library Skills,
Strategies for Preparing Reports and Projects,


SUMMARY
INCLUSION CHECKLIST


CHAPTER 12: Assessment

LEARNING OUTCOMES
Types of Tests

Performance Assessments and Portfolio Assessments,


Adapting Tests for Students with Special Needs

Strategies for Administering Norm-Referenced Tests,
Strategies for Adapting Competency-Based Local and Statewide Assessment,
Strategies for Adapting Teacher-Made and Criterion-Referenced Tests,
Strategies for Using Curriculum-Based


Measurement,
Strategies for Using Performance Assessment,
Strategies for Using Portfolio Assessment,
Teach Test-Taking Skills

Strategies for Teaching Test-Taking Skills,


Grading

Strategies for Adapting Report Card Grading,


SUMMARY
INCLUSION CHECKLIST



PART 3: TEACHING IN THE CONTENT AREAS

CHAPTER 13: Literacy

LEARNING OUTCOMES
Approaches to Reading

Strategies for Implementing Approaches to Reading,
Common Core State Standards in Reading
Teaching Reading Skills
Strategies for Promoting Word Identification,
Strategies for Promoting Reading


Fluency,
Reading Comprehension

Strategies for Teaching Reading Comprehension,
Strategies for Implementing Multi-Tiered Reading Instruction with RTI,


Written Expression

Strategies for Improving Handwriting,
Strategies for Teaching Spelling,
Strategies for Teaching Written Communication,


SUMMARY
INCLUSION CHECKLIST


CHAPTER 14: Mathematics

LEARNING OUTCOMES
Mathematics Education
Mathematics and Students with Disabilities
Teaching Math in Inclusive Settings

Strategies for Teaching Beginning Math,
Strategies for Teaching Addition and Subtraction,
Strategies for Teaching Multiplication and Division,
Strategies for Teaching Problem Solving,
Strategies for Teaching About Money and Time,
Strategies for Teaching Fractions and Decimals,
Strategies for Teaching Area and Volume Concepts,
Strategies for Teaching Algebra,
Strategies for Teaching Functional Math,


SUMMARY
INCLUSION CHECKLIST


CHAPTER 15: Science, Social Studies, and Transitions

LEARNING OUTCOMES
Adapting Textbook-Oriented Approaches in Science and Social Studies

Common Core State Standards Relevant to Science and Social Studies,
Strategies for Effective Teaching in Science and Social Studies,
Strategies for Promoting Independent Learning from Textbooks,
Strategies for Adapting Textbook Materials,


Adapting Activities-Oriented Approaches in Science and Social Studies

Strategies for Adapting Science Activities,
Strategies for Adapting Life Science Activities,
Strategies for Adapting Earth Science Activities,
Strategies for Adapting Physical Science Activities,
Strategies for Adapting Social Studies Activities,


Inquiry Learning in Science and Social Studies

Strategies for Adapting Inquiry Learning Activities,


Transitions

Planning for Transition,
Strategies for Promoting Transitions,
Strategies for Transitioning for the Future,


SUMMARY
INCLUSION CHECKLIST



REFERENCES NAME INDEX SUBJECT INDEX