Landscape Ecology in Asian Cultures (eBook)

Hong_FM_O.pdf 1
Hong_Part1_O.pdf 19
Chap1 19
Part IUnderstanding Asian Cultural Landscapes 19
Hong_Ch01_O.pdf 20
Chapter 1: Historical Perspectives on the Relationships between Humanity and Nature in Japan 20
1.1 Introduction 20
1.1.1 Human Activities and Vegetation in Pre-History 21
1.2 Forests in Historical Period 22
1.3 Forest Commodities and the Appearance of Grass-Covered Mountains 23
1.4 Logging and the Wilderness in the Deep Mountains 25
1.5 Conclusion 26
References 27
Hong_Ch02_O.pdf 28
Chapter 2: Eco-Cultural Diversity in Island and Coastal Landscapes: Conservation and Development 28
2.1 Introduction 28
2.1.1 The Necessity of Eco-Tourism in Island and Coastal Areas 30
2.2 Development of Eco-Tourism Resources 32
2.2.1 The Link Between Historical–Cultural–Ecological Resources Along the Southwest Coast in Korea 32
2.2.2 Securing Resources 35
2.3 Investigation of the Social and Cultural Infrastructure 38
2.3.1 Case Study 40
2.3.1.1 Outline of the Case Study Area 40
2.3.1.2 Survey Method 40
2.3.1.3 The Results of the Case Survey 40
2.4 Conclusions 43
References 44
Hong_Ch03_O.pdf 46
Chapter 3: Ethnic Culture and Nature: Interactionsin the Hani Terrace Landscape 46
3.1 Culture, Nature, and Landscape 46
3.2 Semi-Directive Interview Methods 48
3.3 Nature and the Hani Terrace Landscape 48
3.3.1 Location 48
3.3.2 Topography and the Hani Terraces 49
3.3.3 The Subtropical Monsoon Climate and the HaniPaddy Terraces 49
3.3.4 Soil and the Formation of Hani Terraces 50
3.3.5 Forests and the Maintenance of Hani Terraces 50
3.4 The Hani Culture and Terraced Landscapes 50
3.4.1 Culture and the Cultural Landscapes of Hani Terraces 50
3.4.2 The Components and Spatial Structure of Hani Terrace Landscapes 51
3.4.3 The Function of the Hani Terraced Landscape 52
3.4.4 The Traditional “Village Division Measure” of Hani Ethnic Groups 52
3.5 The Conflict Between Hani Culture and Nature 53
3.5.1 The Obstruction of Nature and Culture 53
3.5.2 Low Productivity 53
3.5.3 Tension of Human–Land Relationships 53
3.6 Interactions of Hani Culture and Nature 54
3.7 Conclusion 55
References 56
Hong_Ch04_O.pdf 58
Chapter 4: The Characteristics of the Cultural Landscape in Malaysia: Concept and Perspective 58
4.1 Introduction 58
4.2 Cultural Landscapes in Malaysia: Concept and Perspective 60
4.3 Merbok Estuary: A Coastal Cultural Landscape 63
4.3.1 Traditional Features 65
4.3.2 Historical Features 67
4.3.3 Non-Traditional Features 67
4.4 Conclusion 67
References 69
Hong_Ch05_O.pdf 71
Chapter 5: Introducing Geo-Cultural Landscapes in Iran 71
5.1 Introduction 71
5.2 Geo-Cultural Landscape Character 72
5.3 Cultural Landscapes in Iran 72
5.4 History of Takht-e Soleyman 73
5.5 The Takht-e Soleyman Area 74
5.5.1 Takht-e Soleyman 74
5.5.2 Zendan-e Soleyman 77
5.5.3 Belqeis Fortress 79
5.5.4 Fire Temples 80
5.5.4.1 West Temple 81
5.5.5 Stone Dragon 82
5.6 Takht-e Soleyman as a Geo-Cultural Landscape 82
5.7 Concluding Remarks 83
References 83
Hong_Ch06_O.pdf 85
Chapter 6: Cultural Landscapes of the Tengger Highland, East Java 85
6.1 Introduction 85
6.2 Biodiversity and Local People 87
6.3 The Ecology of Rural and Upland Farming 90
6.4 Landscapes in Danger 93
6.5 Tourism in Cultural Landscapes 94
6.6 Concluding Remarks 96
References 97
Hong_Ch07_O.pdf 99
Chapter 7: Traditional Forests in Villages Linking Humans and Natural Landscapes 99
7.1 Introduction 99
7.1.1 Types of Village Forest 101
7.1.2 The Ecological Characteristics of Traditional Forests 102
7.1.2.1 Dangsannim (Sacred Forest) 102
7.1.2.2 Bangpungnim (Windbreak Forest) 105
7.1.2.3 Hoannim 107
7.1.2.4 Pungchirim 108
7.1.2.5 Haksulrim 109
7.2 Conservation of Traditional Village Forests 110
References 112
Hong_Ch08_O.pdf 114
Chapter 8: “Cho-bun”, An Anthropogeneous Landscape in Haui Island, Southwestern Korea 114
8.1 Introduction 114
8.2 Funeral and Cho-bun Practice of Haui Island 115
8.2.1 Seeing the Death (Imjong) 116
8.2.2 Calling the Ghost and Setting the Table for the Dead Person (Sajasang) 116
8.2.3 Seup and Yeom 117
8.2.4 Funeral Ceremony and Outing (Chulsang) Preparation 118
8.2.5 Balin (Carrying a Coffin Out of the House) 119
8.2.6 Jangji (Burial Site) 119
8.2.7 Banhonje and Talsang 120
8.2.8 Cho-bun 120
8.3 Change and Preservation of the Cho-bun Systemin Haui Island 121
8.4 Conclusion 123
References 124
Hong_Ch09_O.pdf 125
Chapter 9: Human Impact on Coastal Sand Dune Ecosystems in Korea 125
9.1 Introduction 125
9.2 Research Contents and Methodology 127
9.2.1 Study Areas 127
9.2.2 Land-Use Map and Landscape Analysis 128
9.3 Results and Discussions 131
9.4 Conclusion 139
References 140
Hong_Ch10_O.pdf 142
Chapter 10: Have Ecological Human Rights Been Globally Lost? A Conflict of Ecological Spatial Requirements and Cultural Landsca 142
10.1 Introduction 142
10.2 Quantifying the Natural Space Requirements of Homo sapiens 143
10.3 Possible Consequences of the Violated Ecological Right for Space in Humans 146
10.4 Discussion: How Was the Major Ecological Right of Humans Lost? 147
References 149
Hong_Part2_O.pdf 151
Chap2 151
Part II Measuring and Managing Patterns and Processes of Cultural Landscapes 151
Hong_Ch11_O.pdf 152
Chapter 11: A Methodological Framework to Quantify Anthropogenic Effects on Landscape Patterns 152
11.1 Introduction: Spatial Pattern and Its Effects on the Ecological Processes in Landscapes 152
11.2 Fragmentation, Diversity and Entropy: Related Concepts 156
11.3 Edge Effects: Measuring the Impact of Anthropogenic Effects on Landscape Pattern 159
11.3.1 Importance and Assessment of Potential Edge Effects 160
11.3.2 Quantification of Edge Effects for Single Patches 161
11.4 Fractal Dimension as an Indicator of Anthropogenic Effects on Spatial Pattern 163
11.5 Landscape Transformation Processes and Anthropogenic Landscape Change 167
11.6 Conclusions 170
11.7 Appendix 171
11.7.1 Calculation of the Interior-to-Edge Breakpoint Distance Using PatchCalc 171
References 174
Hong_Ch12_O.pdf 179
Chapter 12: Analysis of Factors Affecting the Landscape Dynamics of Islands in Western Japan 179
12.1 Introduction 179
12.2 Seto Inland Sea 180
12.3 Landscape Characteristics and Changes at Three Scales 181
12.3.1 Landscape Changes at the Regional Scale 181
12.3.2 Landscape Changes at the Municipal Scale 185
12.3.3 Landscape Changes at the District Scale 188
12.4 Influence of Landscape Changes on the Regional Ecosystem 190
12.5 Conclusions 192
References 194
Hong_Ch13_O.pdf 196
Chapter 13: Creating Pondscapes for Avian Communities: An Artificial Neural Network Experience Beyond Urban Regions 196
13.1 Introduction 196
13.2 Materials and Methods 197
13.2.1 Pondscape Analysis 197
13.2.2 Study Areas 200
13.2.3 Survey Method 201
13.2.4 Data Mining 202
13.3 Results 203
13.3.1 Avian Grouping 203
13.3.2 Modeling Formation 204
13.3.3 Modeling Application 204
13.3.4 Modeling Scenarios 206
13.4 Conclusion 207
References 208
Hong_Ch14_O.pdf 210
Chapter 14: Integrating Geographic Information into Scenic Assessments of Middle Landscapes 210
14.1 Introduction 210
14.2 Method 211
14.2.1 Site Description 211
14.2.2 Land Use and View-Shed Area 211
14.2.3 Aesthetic Assessment of the Scenes from the Bridges 213
14.2.4 Analysis Framework 215
14.3 Results 215
14.3.1 Typical Middle Landscapes 215
14.3.1.1 Type 215
14.3.1.2 Location and Direction 216
14.3.2 Landscape Type and Assessment 216
14.4 Concluding Remarks 218
References 218
Hong_Ch15_O.pdf 220
Chapter 15: Sustainable Management of Satoyama Bamboo Landscapes in Japan 220
15.1 Introduction 220
15.2 Methods 221
15.3 History of Bamboo and Its Use in Japan 222
15.4 Trends in Bamboo Grove Expansion 224
15.5 Ecological Impacts of Bamboo Grove Expansion 226
15.6 Discussion 227
References 228
Hong_Ch16_O.pdf 230
Chapter 16: Characteristics of the Spatial Distribution, Vegetation Structure, and Management Systems of Shrine/Temple Forests 230
16.1 Introduction 230
16.2 Kitakyushu City 231
16.3 Spatial Distribution 232
16.4 Managements of the S/T Forests 234
16.5 Vegetation Structure 235
16.6 Concluding Remarks 238
16.7 Appendix 239
References 240
Hong_Ch17_O.pdf 243
Chapter 17: Conservation and Management of the Coastal Pine Forest as a Cultural Landscape 243
17.1 Introduction 243
17.2 Method 244
17.2.1 Site Description 244
17.2.2 Land Use and Landscape Structure 245
17.2.3 Management of Coastal Pine Forest After Pine Wilt Disease 245
17.2.4 Maintenance Management Including Coastal Sand Vegetation 245
17.3 Results 246
17.3.1 Relationship Between Land Use and LandscapeStructure 246
17.3.2 Management of Coastal Pine Forest After Pine Wilt Disease 247
17.3.2.1 Historical Change in the Relationship BetweenCoastal Forests and Residents 247
17.3.2.2 Form of Pine Trees 249
17.3.2.3 Density and Distressed Condition of Pine Trees 250
17.3.2.4 Growth Rates of Coastal Pine Trees 250
17.3.2.5 Habitat for Pine Seedlings 253
17.3.3 Maintenance Management Including Coastal Sand Vegetation 254
17.4 Concluding Remarks 255
References 255
Hong_Ch18_O.pdf 257
Chapter 18: How to Conserve Japanese Cultural Landscapes: The Registration System for Cultural Landscapes 257
18.1 Introduction 257
18.2 Background and Requirements of the Research 258
18.2.1 Background 259
18.2.1.1 Academic Research into Cultural Landscapes 259
18.2.1.2 Public Demand for Conservation of Cultural Landscapes 259
18.2.1.3 Action Taken by the Agency for Cultural Affairs 260
18.3 Research Processes for Cultural Landscapes 261
18.3.1 Definition of a Cultural Landscape 262
18.3.2 Early Stages of the Research 262
18.3.2.1 Categorization and Selection of Important Areas 262
18.3.2.2 Viewpoints for Selection 263
18.4 Proposed Cultural Landscapes 264
18.4.1 Characteristics and Problems 264
18.4.2 Relationships Between Cultural Landscapes and Other Cultural Properties 265
18.4.3 Conservation of Cultural Landscapes 266
18.4.4 Conservation of Important Areas 270
18.4.5 Conservation Management Plan and Utilization Promotion Plan 271
18.4.6 Efforts for Promoting an Appreciation of the Value of Cultural Landscapes in Daily Lives 272
18.4.7 Utilization and Promotion for Revitalization of the Local Economy 272
18.4.8 Lead Operators and Building of Human Resources 273
18.5 Registration of Cultural Landscapes 274
18.5.1 Re-Categorization of Cultural Landscapes 274
18.5.2 Registration of Important Cultural Landscapes Sites in July 2009 275
18.5.3 Problems of Industrial and Urban Cultural Landscapes 280
18.6 Perspectives 280
18.6.1 Requirements for Designation 280
18.6.2 Current Conclusion in the Registration of Cultural Landscapes 281
References 282
Hong_Ch19_O.pdf 284
Chapter 19: Restoring Central Asian Floodplain Ecosystems as Natural Capital and Cultural Heritage in a Continental Desert Env 284
19.1 Introduction 284
19.2 Study Site 285
19.2.1 The Natural Environment 285
19.2.2 Ecology of the Key Species 288
19.2.2.1 Populus euphratica 288
19.2.2.2 Phragmites australis 289
19.2.2.3 Apocynum venetum 290
19.2.2.4 Tamarix sp. 290
19.2.3 The Cultural History 290
19.2.4 The Socio-Economic Environment of Today 291
19.2.5 The Current Situation of the Floodplain Ecosystems 293
19.3 Ecosystem Services and Perspectives for Land Use of the Tugai Vegetation 295
19.3.1 Populus euphratica 295
19.3.2 Phragmites australis 296
19.3.3 Apocynum venetum 297
19.3.4 Tamarix ramosissima 297
19.4 Stakeholders 298
19.4.1 Governmental Bodies 298
19.4.2 Land Users and Entrepreneurs 299
19.4.3 Scientists 299
19.4.4 Non-Governmental Organizations 299
19.5 Restoration of the Tarim River Floodplain 300
References 301
Hong_Part3_O.pdf 305
Chap3 305
Part III Concluding Remarks 305
Hong_Ch20_O.pdf 306
Chapter 20: Integrating Nature and Culture in Landscape Ecology 306
20.1 Introduction 306
20.2 Evolving Concepts of Landscape and Landscape Ecology 307
20.2.1 What is a Landscape? 307
20.2.2 What is Landscape Ecology? 309
20.3 Landscape of Culture and Culture of Landscape 312
20.3.1 Cultural Landscapes and People–Landscape Relationships 312
20.3.2 An Asian Perspective on the Culture–Nature Relationship 316
20.4 Connecting Culture and Nature in Landscape Ecology 318
20.4.1 Emphasizing the Cultural Dimension in Landscape Ecology 318
20.4.2 Understanding the Diversity of Cultural Landscapes 320
20.4.3 Learning About Sustainability from Cultural Landscapes 321
20.5 Conclusions 322
References 324
Hong_Index_O.pdf 327
b978-0-387-78701_4 327