Encyclopedia of Remote Sensing

Eni G. Njoku is a Senior Research Scientist at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA. He has a B.A. from the University of Cambridge, and S.M. and Ph.D. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. His research focuses on spaceborne microwave sensing with application to land surface hydrology and the global water cycle. He is a recipient of the NASA Exceptional Service Medal (1985) and Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (1995).

Acoustic Radiation.- Acoustic Tomography, Ocean.- Acoustic Waves, Propagation.- Acoustic Waves, Scattering.- Aerosols.- Agricultural Expansion and Abandonment.- Agriculture and Remote Sensing.- Air Pollution.- Atmospheric General Circulation Models.- Calibration and Validation.- Calibration, Microwave Radiometers.- Calibration, Optical/Infrared Passive Sensors.- Calibration, Synthetic Aperture Radars.- Calibration, Scatterometers.- Climate Data Records.- Climate Monitoring and Prediction.- Cloud Liquid Water.- Cloud Properties.- Coastal Ecosystems.- Commercial Remote Sensing.- Cosmic-Ray Hydrometeorology.- Cost Benefit Assessment.- Crop Stress.- Cryosphere and Polar Region Observing System.- Cryosphere, Climate Change Effects.- Cryosphere, Climate Change Feedbacks.- Cryosphere, Measurements and Applications.- Data Access.- Data Archival and Distribution.- Data Archives and Repositories.- Data Assimilation.- Data Policies.- Data Processing, SAR Sensors.- Decision Fusion, Classification of Multisource Data.- Earth Radiation Budget, Top-of-Atmosphere Radiation.- Earth System Models.- Electromagnetic Theory and Wave Propagation.- Emerging Applications.- Emerging Technologies.- Emerging Technologies, Free-Space Optical Communications.- Emerging Technologies: Lidar.- Emerging Technologies, Radar.-Emerging Technologies, Radiometer.- Emerging Technologies, Sensor Web.- Environmental Treaties.- Fields and Radiation.- Fisheries.- Forestry.- Gamma and X-Radiation.- Geodesy.- Geological Mapping Using Earth’s Magnetic Field.- Geomorphology.- Geophysical Retrieval: Forward Models in Remote Sensing.- Geophysical Retrieval: Inverse Problems in Remote Sensing.- Geophysical Retrieval, Overview.- Global Climate Observing System.- Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS).- Global Land Observing System.- Global Programs, Operational Systems.- GPS, Occultation Systems.- Ice Sheets and Ice Volume.- Icebergs.- International Collaboration.- Ionospheric Effects on the Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves.- Irrigation Management.- Land Surface Emissivity.- Land Surface Roughness.- Land Surface Temperature.- Land Surface Topography.- Land-Atmosphere Interactions, Evapotranspiration.- Landslides.- Law of Remote Sensing.- Lidar Systems.- Lightning.- Limb Sounding, Atmospheric.- Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO).- Magnetic Field.- Media, Electromagnetic Characteristics.- Microwave Dielectric Properties of Materials.- Microwave Horn Antennas.- Microwave Radiometers.- Microwave Radiometers, Conventional.- Microwave Radiometers, Correlation.- Microwave Radiometers, Interferometers.- Microwave Radiometers, Polarimeters.- Microwave Subsurface Propagation and Scattering.- Microwave Surface Scattering and Emission.- Mission Costs of Earth-Observing Satellites.- Mission Operations, Science Applications/Requirements.- Observational Platforms, Aircraft, and UAVs.- Observational Systems, Satellite.- Ocean Applications of Interferometric SAR.- Ocean Data Telemetry.- Ocean Internal Waves.- Ocean Measurements and Applications, Ocean Color.- Ocean Modeling and Data Assimilation.- Ocean Surface Topography.- Ocean Surface Velocity.- Ocean, Measurements, and Applications.- Ocean–Atmosphere Water Flux and Evaporation.- Operational Transition.- Optical/Infrared, Atmospheric Absorption/Transmission, and Media Spectral Properties.- Optical/Infrared, Radiative Transfer.- Optical/Infrared, Scattering by Aerosols and Hydrometeors.- Pattern Recognition and Classification.- Polar Ice Dynamics.- Polar Ocean Navigation.- Policies and Economics.- Precision Agriculture.- Processing Levels.- Public-Private Partnerships.- Radar, Altimeters.- Radar, Scatterometers.- Radar, Synthetic Aperture.- Radars.- Radiation (Natural) Within the Earth’s Environment.- Radiation Sources (Natural) and Characteristics.- Radiation, Electromagnetic.- Radiation, Galactic, and Cosmic Background.- Radiation, Multiple Scattering.- Radiation, Polarization, and Coherence.- Radiation, Solar and Lunar.- Radiation, Volume Scattering.- Radiative Transfer, Solution Techniques.- Radiative Transfer, Theory.- Radio-Frequency Interference (RFI) in Passive Microwave Sensing.- Rainfall.- Rangelands and Grazing.- Reflected Solar Radiation Sensors, Multiangle Imaging.- Reflected Solar Radiation Sensors, Polarimetric.- Reflector Antennas.- Remote Sensing and Geologic Structure.- Remote Sensing, Historical Perspective.- Remote Sensing, Physics and Techniques.- Resource Exploration.- SAR-Based Bathymetry.- Sea Ice Albedo.- Sea Ice Concentration and Extent.- Sea Level Rise.- Sea Surface Salinity.- Sea Surface Temperature.- Sea Surface Wind/Stress Vector.- Severe Storms.- Snowfall.- Soil Moisture.- Soil Properties.- Solid Earth Mass Transport.- Stratospheric Ozone.- Subsidence.- Surface Radiative Fluxes.- Surface Truth.- Surface Water.- Terrestrial Snow.- Thermal Radiation Sensors (Emitted).- Trace Gases, Stratosphere, and Mesosphere.- Trace Gases, Troposphere - Detection from Space.- Trafficability ofDesert Terrains.- Tropospheric Winds.- Ultraviolet Remote Sensing.- Ultraviolet Sensors.- Urban Environments, Beijing Case Study.- Urban Heat Island.- Vegetation Indices.- Vegetation Phenology.- Volcanism.- Water and Energy Cycles.- Water Resources.- Water Vapor.- Weather Prediction.- Wetlands.- Author Index.- Subject Index