South America, Central America and the Caribbean 2025

Europa Publications’ regional publications are compiled by a team of editors and researchers, with introductory and country-specific material provided by specialists in their field: Dr Safiya Ali. Lecturer in Law at the University of the West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago, and Attorney-at-Law specializing in international law, international organizations and regional integration Daniel H. Alves. Graduate Research Assistant, Global South Research Group and PhD candidate in Political Economy at King’s College London, United Kingdom Prof. Dr Anna Ayuso. Senior Research Fellow at Barcelona Centre for International Affairs (CIDOB), Barcelona, Spain. Dr Marc Becker. Professor of History, Latin American History, at Truman State University, Kirksville, MO, USA. Dwayne Benjamin. Head of the Department of History and Caribbean Studies at the University of Guyana, Georgetown, Manoela Carpenedo. Postdoctoral researcher in Religion and Extremism in the Global South at the University of Groningen, Netherlands. Dr Henderson Carter. Head of the Department of History and Philosophy in the Faculty of Humanities and Education at the University of the West Indies, Cave Hill, Barbados. Prof. Peter Clegg. Professor in Politics and International Relations and Head of the School of Social Sciences at the University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom. Prof. Justin Daniel. Professor of Political Science at the University of the Antilles and President of the Economic, Social, Environmental, Cultural and Education Council of Martinique. Dr David Díaz Arias. Full Professor in the School of History at the University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica. Fabio Andrés Díaz Pabón. Honorary Research Associate in the Department of Political and International Studies at Rhodes University, South Africa, and member of the Comunicación y Democracia research group of the Universidad del Tolima, Colombia. Dyon Elliott. Writer and researcher specializing in Belizean affairs. Dr Matthias Erlandsen. Adjunct Professor, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile. Jorge Luis Fabra-Zamora. Associate Professor at the University at Buffalo School of Law, New York, USA. Dr Anthony Goebel McDermott. Full Professor in the School of History at the University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica. Prof. Francisco E. González. Senior Associate Professor in International Political Economy Latin America at the School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University, Washington, DC, USA. Prof. Dr Susanne Gratius. Professor of International Law at the Autonomous University of Madrid, Spain. Dr Andre Haughton. Senior Lecturer/Economist in International Finance and Applied Economics in the Department of Economics at the University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica. Magda Catalina Jiménez Jiménez. Lecturer and Researcher in the Center for Research and Special Projects (CIPE) in the Faculty of Finance, Government and International Relations of the Universidad Externado de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia. Prof. Peter Lambert. Head of the Department of Politics, Languages and International Studies (PoLIS) at the University of Bath, United Kingdom. Prof. Robert E. Looney. International consultant specializing in economic development and Distinguished Professor, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, USA. Ivan Luzardo-Luna. Senior Fellow in the Department of Economics at the University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA. Dr Angus McNelly. Senior Lecturer in International Relations at the University of Greenwich, United Kingdom. Andrés Molina-Ochoa. Assistant Professor of Philosophy at South Texas College, TX, USA, and Member of the Research Group in Theory of Law and Legal Education. Dr Ellen Moodie. Associate Professor in the Department of Anthropology at the University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign, IL, USA. Dr Emily Morris. Honorary Research Associate in the Economic Development of Latin America and the Caribbean at University College London’s Institute of the Americas, United Kingdom. Esteban Nicholls Andrade. Lecturer in Social and Global Studies at the Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar, Quito, Ecuador. Prof. Francisco Panizza. Professor of Latin American and Comparative Politics at the London School of Economics and Political Science, United Kingdom. Prof. Olivia Saunders. Professor of Banking, Finance and Economics in the Faculty of Business Studies at the University of The Bahamas. Dr Thomas Singh. Director of the GREEN Institute and Senior Lecturer in the Department of Economics at the University of Guyana, Georgetown, Guyana. Dr Ronald Bruce St John. Independent scholar specializing in the political economy of developing states. Dr Michael Toussaint. Lecturer in the Department of History at the University of the West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago. Prof. Anne Ulentin. Associate Professor of History and Head of Department, History, Philosophy and Religion, in the School of Social Sciences at the University of The Bahamas. Dr Stephen Wilkinson. Senior Lecturer in Politics and International Relations at the University of Buckingham, United Kingdom. Mark Wilson. Writer and researcher specializing in Caribbean affairs. DeLisle Worrell. International Economic Consultant, member of the Bretton Woods Committee, Washington, DC, and of the Bermuda Financial Policy Council, and former Governor of the Central Bank of Barbados. Dr Christopher Wylde. Senior Lecturer in Politics and International Relations in the Department of Business, Law and Society at St Mary’s University, Twickenham, United Kingdom.

PART ONE: Topical Essays

The Caribbean Court of Justice at 20 Dr SAFIYA ALI

Pink Tide 2.0: Causes, Characteristics and Consequences Dr CHRISTOPHER WYLDE

Republicanism, Reparations and Reform: Will the Commonwealth Caribbean Become `Totally Free’? Prof. PETER CLEGG

The Effects of Climate Change in the Caribbean and Latin America Prof. ROBERT E. LOONEY

Protests, Democracy and Institutional Capacity in Latin America MAGDA CATALINA JIMÉNEZ JIMÉNEZ and FABIO ANDRÉS DÍAZ PABÓN

Religion in Latin America and the Caribbean: Past, Present and Possible Futures MANOELA CARPENEDO

PART TWO: Country Surveys

ANGUILLA

History MARK WILSON

Economy MARK WILSON

ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA

History MARK WILSON

Economy MARK WILSON

ARGENTINA

History Dr CHRISTOPHER WYLDE

Economy Dr CHRISTOPHER WYLDE

ARUBA

THE BAHAMAS

History Prof. ANNE ULENTIN

Economy Prof. Olivia Saunders

BARBADOS

History Dr HENDERSON CARTER

Economy DELISLE WORRELL

BELIZE

History MARK WILSON

Economy DYON ELLIOTT

BERMUDA

BOLIVIA

History Dr ANGUS McNELLY

Economy Prof. ROBERT E. LOONEY

BONAIRE

BRAZIL

History Prof. FRANCISCO PANIZZA

Economy DANIEL H. ALVES

THE BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDS

THE CAYMAN ISLANDS

CHILE

History Dr MATTHIAS ERLANDSEN

Economy IVAN LUZARDO-LUNA

COLOMBIA

History JORGE LUIS FABRA-ZAMORA and ANDRÉS MOLINA-OCHOA

Economy IVAN LUZARDO-LUNA

COSTA RICA

History Dr DAVID DÍAZ ARIAS

Economy Dr ANTHONY GOEBEL McDERMOTT

CUBA

History Dr STEPHEN WILKINSON

Economy Dr EMILY MORRIS

CURAÇAO

DOMINICA

History MARK WILSON

Economy MARK WILSON

THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

History Prof. ROBERT E. LOONEY

Economy Prof. ROBERT E. LOONEY

ECUADOR

History Dr MARC BECKER

Economy Dr ESTEBAN NICHOLLS ANDRADE

EL SALVADOR

History Dr ELLEN MOODIE

Economy Prof. ROBERT E. LOONEY

THE FALKLAND ISLANDS

FRENCH GUIANA

History Prof. JUSTIN DANIEL

Economy Prof. JUSTIN DANIEL

GRENADA

History MARK WILSON

Economy MARK WILSON

GUADELOUPE

History Prof. JUSTIN DANIEL

Economy Prof. JUSTIN DANIEL

GUATEMALA

History Prof. ROBERT E. LOONEY

Economy Prof. ROBERT E. LOONEY

GUYANA

History DWAYNE BENJAMIN

Economy Dr THOMAS SINGH

HAITI

History Prof. ROBERT E. LOONEY

Economy Prof. ROBERT E. LOONEY

HONDURAS

History Prof. ROBERT E. LOONEY

Economy Prof. ROBERT E. LOONEY

JAMAICA

History Dr ANDRE HAUGHTON

Economy Dr ANDRE HAUGHTON

MARTINIQUE

History Prof. JUSTIN DANIEL

Economy Prof. JUSTIN DANIEL

MEXICO

History Prof. FRANCISCO E. GONZÁLEZ

Economy Prof. FRANCISCO E. GONZÁLEZ

MONTSERRAT

History MARK WILSON

Economy MARK WILSON

NICARAGUA

History Prof. ROBERT E. LOONEY

Economy Prof. ROBERT E. LOONEY

PANAMA

History Prof. ROBERT E. LOONEY

Economy Prof. ROBERT E. LOONEY

PARAGUAY

History Prof. PETER LAMBERT

Economy Prof. ROBERT E. LOONEY

PERU

History Dr RONALD BRUCE ST JOHN

Economy Prof. ROBERT E. LOONEY

PUERTO RICO

History Prof. ROBERT E. LOONEY

Economy Prof. ROBERT E. LOONEY

SABA

SAINT-BARTHÉLEMY

SAINT KITTS AND NEVIS

History MARK WILSON

Economy MARK WILSON

SAINT LUCIA

History MARK WILSON

Economy MARK WILSON

SAINT-MARTIN

SAINT VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES

History MARK WILSON

Economy MARK WILSON

SINT EUSTATIUS

SINT MAARTEN

SOUTH GEORGIA AND THE SOUTH SANDWICH ISLANDS

SURINAME

History MARK WILSON

Economy MARK WILSON

TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO

History Dr MICHAEL TOUSSAINT

Economy Dr MICHAEL TOUSSAINT

THE TURKS AND CAICOS ISLANDS

THE UNITED STATES VIRGIN ISLANDS

URUGUAY

History Prof. FRANCISCO PANIZZA

Economy Prof. FRANCISCO PANIZZA

VENEZUELA

History Prof. Dr ANNA AYUSO and Prof. Dr SUSANNE GRATIUS

Economy Prof. Dr ANNA AYUSO and Prof. Dr SUSANNE GRATIUS

PART THREE: Regional Information

REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

MAJOR COMMODITIES OF LATIN AMERICA

RESEARCH INSTITUTES

SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY (BOOKS)

SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY (PERIODICALS)

INDEX OF REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS