Diseases of Swine

Jeffrey J. Zimmerman, DVM, PhD, DACVPM, is Professor of Disease Ecology in the Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine at Iowa State University in Ames, Iowa, USA.

Locke A. Karriker, DVM, MS, DACVPM, is Professor of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine and Director of the Swine Medicine Education Center at Iowa State University in Ames, Iowa, USA.

Alejandro Ramirez, DVM, MPH, PhD, DACVPM, is Associate Professor of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine at Iowa State University in Ames, Iowa, USA.

Kent J. Schwartz, DVM, MS, is Clinical Professor and Diagnostician at the Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory in Ames, Iowa, USA.

Gregory W. Stevenson, DVM, PhD, DACVP, is Professor of Veterinary Pathology and Diagnostic Pathologist at Iowa State University in Ames, Iowa, USA.

Jianqiang Zhang, MD, MS, PhD, is Associate Professor of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine at Iowa State University in Ames, Iowa, USA.

Contributing Authors

Editors' Note

SECTION I. VETERINARY PRACTICE

1 Herd Evaluation
Records, benchmarks, four circles approach, diagnostic approaches, prioritizing interventions, reporting, blood sample collection, oral fluid collection.

2 Behavior and Welfare
Definitions of welfare, normal vs abnormal behaviors, maternal behaviors, minimizing welfare impact of invasive procedures, feeding and drinking behaviors, human interactions, behavior responses due to disease, recognizing pain, vices, objective measures of pain.

3 Genetics and Health
Genetic influences on mortality, disease resistance, immune response and sow productive lifetime, with a summary of recent genetic advances.

4 Effect of Environment on Health
Evaluation of the environment, recommended air temperatures, minimum ventilation rates, space recommendations, water requirements, feeder space recommendations. Investigation of death due to ventilation failure. Impact of noise levels and stray voltage.

5 Differential Diagnosis of Diseases
Diarrhea, vomiting, rectal prolapses, respiratory distress, anemia, sneezing, skin, neurologic, lameness, reproductive, congenital, zoonotic, vesicular lesions, urinary tract.

6 Diagnostic Tests, Test Performance, and Considerations for Interpretation
How diagnostic tests are performed, advantages and disadvantages. PCR testing considerations including quantitative interpretation. Appropriate uses of genetic sequencing. Descriptions of metagenomics technology.

7 Optimizing Diagnostic Value and Sample Collection
Developing the diagnostic plan, diagnostic sample selection, pig necropsy, necropsy safety, knife sharpening.

8 Collecting Evidence and Establishing Causality
Sources of variation in test results, sensitivity and specificity, testing in series or parallel, selecting test cutoff values, selecting appropriate sample size, screening and confirmatory tests. Evidence-based medicine, establishing baselines, evaluating interventions.

9 Disease Control, Prevention, and Elimination
Routes of transmission, ecology of disease, pathogen cycles, biological risk management, principles of biosecurity, biocontainment, bioexclusion.

10 Drug Pharmacology, Therapy and Prophylaxis
Antimicrobial drug classes, considerations for treatment, residue avoidance, establishing treatment regimens, limiting the development of resistance, parasiticides, impact of drug treatment on immunity, bacteriophages, probiotics, hormones, and anti-inflammatory drugs.

11 Anesthesia and Surgical Procedures
Injectable anesthetic agents, sedation, catheterization techniques, epidural injection, anesthetic drug combinations, reversal agents and pain management. Surgical procedures including castration, correction of prolapses, cystostomy procedures, cesarean section, fracture repair, tusk removal, abdominal and musculoskeletal procedures.

12 Pre-Harvest Food Safety, Zoonotic Diseases and the Human Health Interface
Physical, chemical, and biologic hazards, drug residues, MRSA, feed safety, certification programs.

13 Special Considerations for Show and Pet Pigs
Dynamics of the show pig industry, biosecurity, zoonotic implications, vaccination protocols, behavior and training, ethics, teeth trimming, hoof trimming, obesity, and parasites.

SECTION II BODY SYSTEMS

14 Cardiovascular and Hemopoietic System
Anatomy, pathophysiology, mulberry heart disease, anemia, shock, clinical pathology.

15 Digestive System
Interactions of flora, nutrition, immune system, anatomy, pathophysiology, gastric ulcers, hemorrhagic bowel syndrome, prolapses, hernias.

16 Immune System
Innate and adaptive immunity. Cellular, humoral, mucosal and passive immune mechanisms. Stress, nutrition, immunosuppression, vaccination. Lactogenic immunity.

17 Integumentary System: Skin, Foot, and Claw
Pathophysiology of skin, infectious conditions, vesicles, ear necrosis, porcine dermatopathy and nephropathy syndrome. Pathophysiology of coronary band, foot and claw. Traumatic and nutritional contributors to foot and claw lesions.

18 Mammary System
Structure and development, physiology of lactation, physiology of maternal immunity, pathophysiology of lactation dysfunction, mastitis, dysgalactia, and risk factors.

19 Nervous and Locomotor System
Pathophysiology of nervous system, muscle, bone, joint and eye. Congenital abnormalities, splayleg, congenital tremor, myopathy, porcine stress syndrome, arthritis, metabolic bone disease, rickets, osteochondrosis.

20 Reproductive System
Control of estrus, pregnancy, and parturition. Pregnancy diagnosis, dystocia, prolapse, discharge, male reproductive function and semen quality. Laboratory investigation of abortion and reproductive failure.

21 Respiratory System
Anatomy, structure, function, pathophysiology.

22 Urinary System
Anatomy, structure, function, pathophysiology

SECTION III VIRAL DISEASES

23 Overview of Viruses
General characteristics of viruses, virus taxonomy, detection and characterization of viruses.

24 Adenoviruses

25 African Swine Fever Virus

26 Anelloviruses
Torque teno sus viruses

27 Astroviruses

28 Bunyaviruses
Akabane virus, Lumbo virus, Oya virus, Tahyna virus.

29 Caliciviruses
Porcine noroviruses, porcine sapoviruses, St-Valérien virus, vesicular exanthema of swine virus.

30 Circoviruses

31 Coronaviruses
Hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus, porcine deltacoronavirus, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, porcine respiratory coronavirus, porcine torovirus, transmissible gastroenteritis virus.

32 Filovirus
Reston ebolavirus, Zaire ebolavirus.

33 Flaviviruses
Japanese encephalitis virus, Murray Valley encephalitis virus, West Nile virus, other flaviviruses.

34 Hepatitis E Virus

35 Herpesviruses
Malignant catarrhal fever (ovine herpesvirus 2), porcine cytomegalovirus, porcine lymphotropic herpesviruses, pseudorabies (Aujeszky’s disease) virus

36 Influenza Viruses

37 Paramyxoviruses
Menangle virus, Nipah virus, porcine parainfluenza virus 1, porcine rubulavirus (blue eye paramyxovirus).

38 Porcine Parvoviruses

39 Pestiviruses
Atypical porcine pestivirus, border disease virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus, Bungowannah virus, classical swine fever virus.

40 Picornaviruses
Encephalomyocarditis virus, foot-and-mouth disease virus, porcine enteroviruses, porcine kobuvirus, porcine picornavirus Japan, porcine sapelovirus, porcine teschovirus, Seneca Valley virus, swine pasivirus, swine vesicular disease virus

41 Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Viruses (porcine arteriviruses).

42 Pox Virus

43 Reoviruses (Rotaviruses and Reoviruses)

44 Retroviruses

45 Rhabdoviruses
Rabies virus, vesicular stomatitis viruses

46 Togaviruses
Eastern equine encephalitis virus, Getah virus, Sagiyama virus, Ross River virus

SECTION IV BACTERIAL DISEASES

47 Overview of Bacteria
Characteristics of genera, disease mechanisms, table of bacterial diseases. Issues in the development of bacterial disease (normal flora, biofilms, dysbacteriosis).

48 Actinobacillosis
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae - pleuropneumonia; Actinobacillus suis – septicemia, pleuropneumonia; Actinobacillus equuli - septicemia.

49 Bordetellosis
Bordetella bronchiseptica - non-progressive atrophic rhinitis, bronchopneumonia.

50 Brucellosis
Brucella suis – infertility, abortion, perinatal mortality.

51 Clostridiosis
Clostridium perfringens type C – necrohemorrhagic enteritis; Clostridium perfringens type A – enteritis; Clostridium difficile – necrotizing colitis; Clostridium septicum, perfringens type A, novyi, chauvoei – cellulitis and gas gangrene; Clostridiium tetani - tetanus; Clostridiium botulinum - botulism.

52 Colibacillosis
Neonatal E. coli diarrhea, postweaning E. coli diarrhea and edema disease, E. coli causing fatal shock, systemic E. coli infections, coliform mastitis, nonspecific urinary tract infection.

53 Erysipelas
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae – septicemia, arthritis, endocarditis; Erysipelothrix tonsillarum – arthritis, endocarditis.

54 Glässer´S Disease
Haemophilus parasuis – fibrinous polyserositis and arthritis.

55 Leptospirosis
Leptospira spp. – abortion and stillbirths.

56 Mycoplasmosis
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae – enzootic pneumonia; Mycoplasma hyorhinis – polyserositis, arthritis; Mycoplasma hyosynoviae - arthritis; Mycoplasma (Eperythrozoon) suis - anemia.

57 Pasteurellosis
Pasteurella multocida – progressive atrophic rhinitis, pneumonia, septicemia.

58 Porcine Proliferative Enteropathy
Lawsonia intracellularis – acute proliferative hemorrhagic enteropathy (PHE), chronic porcine proliferative enteropathy (PPE).

59 Salmonellosis
Salmonella typhimurium, typhimurium I 1,4,[5],12:i:- variant, heidelberg, typhisuis – enterocolitis; Salmonella choleraesuis var. kunzendorf – septicemia, enterocolitis; Salmonella dublin, enteriditis – meningitis.

60 Staphylococcosis
Staphylococcus hyicus – exudative epidermitis; Staphyloccocus aureus – skin infections, mastitis, others

61 Streptococcosis.
Streptococcus suis – septicemia, meningitis, others; Streptococcus porcinus – cervical lymphadenitis; Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis – septicemia, arthritis, others. Other streptococci – various conditions. Enterococcus durans and hirae - diarrhea.

62 Swine Dysentery and Brachyspiral Colitis
Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, hampsonii, suanatina – swine dysentery; Brachyspira pilosicoli – intestinal (colonic) spirochetosis; Brachyspira intermedia, murdochii – brachyspiral (mild) colitis.

63 Tuberculosis
Mycobacterium avium subsps. avium and hominissuis, M. bovis, M. caprae, M. tuberculosis – localized alimentary lymphadentitis, rare disseminated tuberculosis.

64 Miscellaneous Bacterial Infections
Actinobaculum (Eubacterium) suis – cystitis, pyelonephritis; Actinomyces hyovaginalis – abortion, lung abscesses; Bacillus anthracis – anthrax; Burkholderia pseudomallei – melioidosis; Campylobacter spp. - enterocolitis; Chlamydia – enteritis, pneumonia, abortion, etc.; Enterococci – neonatal diarrhea; Klebsiella pneumonia – septicemia; Listeria monocytogenes – septicemia, encephalitis, abortion; Rhodococcus equi – granulomatous lymphadenitis; Treponema pedis – ear necrosis, other skin lesions; Trueperella abortisuis – abortion; Trueperella pyogenes - pyogenic sepsis; Yersinia spp. – enterocolitis.

SECTION V PARASITIC DISEASES

65 External Parasites
Mange (Sarcoptes, Demodex), lice, fleas, mosquitoes, flies (myiasis), ticks.

66 Coccidia and Other Protozoa
Coccidia (Cystoisospora, Eimeria), Toxoplasma, Sarcocystis, Cryptosporidium, Giardia, microsporidia (Entercytozoon, Encephalitozoon), Balantidium coli, Entamoeba.

67 Internal Parasites: Helminths
Nematodes - Gongylonema, Hyostrongylus, Strongyloides, Ascaris, Trichinella, Trichuris, Oesophagostomum, Metastrongylus, Paragonimus, Stephanurus, and others; Cestodes - Echinococcus, Taenia, and others; parasiticides.

SECTION VI NONINFECTIOUS DISEASES

68 Nutrient Deficiencies and Excesses
Investigation of nutrient deficiencies or excesses, critical control points, inclusion rates, feed analysis, common nutrient concerns including amino acids, vitamins and minerals.

69 Mycotoxins in Grains and Feeds
Aflatoxin, ochratoxin, citrinin, trichothecenes (T2 toxin, DON), zearalenone, and fumonisins.

70 Toxic Minerals, Chemicals, Plants, and Gases
Minerals, feed additives, pesticides, toxic plants, nitrite, effects of water quality, toxic gases, and ventilation failure.