Clinical Immunobiology (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Clinical Immunobiology 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
List of Contributors 12
Preface 16
Contents of Previous Volumes 20
Chapter 1. Evaluation of the Immunoglobulins 22
I. Introduction 22
II. Techniques 23
III. Results 32
IV. Summary 40
References 40
Chapter 2. Electrophoresis and Immunoelectrophoresis in the Evaluation of Homogeneous Immunoglobulin Components 42
I. Introduction 42
II. Homogeneous Proteins in Disease States 44
III. Techniques for Characterization and Quantitation of Homogeneous Immunoglobulin Components 48
IV. Evaluation of Test Results 51
V. Conclusions 56
References 57
Chapter 3. Serum Concentrations of IgG Subclasses 58
I. Introduction 58
II. Quantitative Determination of IgG Subclasses 61
III. IgG Subclass Concentrations in Sera of Normal Individuals 62
IV. Subclass Levels in Sera of Patients with Increased Concentrations of Total IgG 68
V. IgG Subclasses in Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases 71
VI. IgG Subclasses after Bone Marrow Transplantation in Severe Combined Immunodeficiency 73
Acknowledgments 76
References 76
Chapter 4. Imbalances of the k/. Ratio of Human Immunoglobulins 78
I. Introduction 78
II. Methods for Detection of Human Immunoglobulin Light-Chain Imbalances 80
III. Analyses of Normal and Pathological Sera 83
IV. Conclusions 89
References 90
Chapter 5. Metabolism of Immunoglobulins 92
I. Introduction 92
II. Methods Used in Immunoglobulin Turnover Studies 94
III. Metabolism of Immunoglobulins in Normal Individuals 97
IV. Problems in Interpretation of the Data 99
V. Disorders of Immunoglobulin Metabolism 100
VI. Summary 113
References 114
Chapter 6. Cell-Mediated Immunity: In Vivo Testing 118
I. Introduction 118
II. Skin Test Battery 120
III. Results 122
IV. Differential Diagnosis 124
References 125
Chapter 7. Cellular Immunity: Antibody-Dependent Cytotoxicity (K-Cell Activity) 128
I. Introduction 128
II. Model Studies with Effector Cells from Nonimmune Donors 129
III. K-Cell Activity in Different Immune Systems 142
References 151
Chapter 8. Short-Term 51Cr-Release Tests for Direct Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity: Methods, Clinical Uses, and Interpretations 154
I. Introduction 154
II. Pathways for Direct Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity 155
III. Methodology 156
IV. Examples of Clinical Applications 159
V. Interpretive Limitations 161
VI. Some Future Applications 165
VII. Concluding Comments 166
Acknowledgments 167
References 167
Chapter 9. Lymphocyte Transformation in Vitro in Response to Mitogens and Antigens 172
I. Introduction 173
II. Lymphocyte Activation: Specific or Nonspecific 174
III. Characteristics of the Reaction 180
IV. Regulation of the Reaction 188
V. Lymphocyte Transformation in Vitro in Clinical Immunology 195
References 211
Chapter 10. Products of Activated Lymphocytes 216
I. Introduction 216
II. Cell Migration Inhibition System 217
III. Macrophage Activation by Lymphocyte Mediators 226
IV. Macrophage (Monocyte) Chemotactic Factor 230
V. Lymphocyte Mitogenic ( Blastogenic ) Factors 233
VI. Cytotoxic Factors ( Lymphotoxins ) 235
VII. Interferon 238
VIII. Summary 240
References 240
Chapter 11. Leukocyte Aggregation Test for Evaluating Cell-Mediated Immunity 242
I. Introduction 242
II. Method 244
III. Results 250
IV. Discussion 253
Acknowledgments 256
References 256
Chapter 12. The HLA System: Serologically Defined Antigens 258
I. The HLA System: Serologically Defined Antigens 258
II. HLA and Transplantation 272
III. HLA and Disease 273
IV. Clinical Applications 280
References 281
Chapter 13. Mixed Leukocyte Cultures: A Cellular Approach to Histocompatibility Testing 294
I. Introduction 294
II. Methods 297
III. Results 299
IV. Clinical Usefulness of Mixed Leukocyte Culture Testing 307
V. Addendum 308
References 308
Chapter 14. The Reticuloendothelial System 310
I. Introduction 310
II. Clearance Testing 311
III. Rebuck Skin Windows 316
IV. Cellular Studies 317
References 323
Chapter 15. Assessment of Allergic States: IgE Methodology and the Measurement of Allergen-Specific IgG Antibody 326
I. Introduction 326
II. Total Serum IgE 327
III. Allergen-Specific IgE 334
IV. Allergen-Specific IgG Antibodies 357
V. Conclusions 364
Selected References 365
Chapter 16. Autoantibodies in Hematological Disorders 366
I. Introduction 366
II. Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia 367
III. Autoantibodies against Thrombocytes 376
IV. Autoantibodies against Leukocytes 380
Appendix 382
References 385
Chapter 17. Rheumatoid Factors in Human Disease 386
I. Introduction 386
II. General Test Procedures 387
III. Clinical Significance 388
Appendix: Commonly Used Rheumatoid Factor Tests 392
References 394
Chapter 18. Antibodies to Nucleic Acids 396
I. Introduction 396
II. Performance of the Tests 399
III. Results and Interpretation 401
IV. Differential Diagnosis 404
References 406
Chapter 19. Complement 408
I. Introduction 408
II. Complement Components and Activation Sequence 409
III. Biological Activities of Complement 412
IV. Tests Involving Complement 413
V. Complement-Fixation Tests 418
VI. Miscellaneous Tests 418
VII. Complement Abnormalities in Disease 419
VIII. Inherited Disorders of the Complement System 421
References 424
Chapter 20. Detection of Tumor-Associated Antigens in Plasma or Serum 426
I. Introduction 426
II. a-Fetoprotein 427
III. Carcinoembryonic Antigen 434
IV. Other Antigens, Antibodies 441
V. Conclusion 444
References 445
Chapter 21. Neutrophil Function 448
I. Introduction 448
II. Phagocytosis 450
III. Bactericidal Assays of Neutrophils 453
IV. Assays of Neutrophil Movement 455
References 458
Subject Index 460