Immunology (eBook)

Front Cover 
1 
Immunology 4
Copyright Page 
5 
Table of Contents 
10 
Preface 6
List of contributors 8
Chapter 1. Anatomy of the immune system 
12 
The construction of the immune system: some common principles and concepts 
12 
Cell types of the immune system 13
Granulocytes 16
The lymphoid system 16
Bibliography 26
Chapter 2. Immunoglobulins 
27 
Common features 27
Basic structure 27
Structural areas with variable or constant amino acid sequences 32
Immunoglobulin classes and biological function 36
Immunoglobulin levels and age 39
Biosynthesis of immunoglobulins 41
Chapter 3. Antigens 
42 
Antigenicity and immunogenicity 42
Antigenic determinants 43
Natural antigens 45
Chapter 4Antigen-antibody reactions 52
Chapter 4. Antigen-antibody reactions 
52 
The primary reaction 52
Secondary manifestations 55
Immunological methods 57
Bibliography 67
Chapter 5. The complement system 
68 
Nomenclature 68
The structure of complement factors 69
Bibliography 76
Chapter 6. Production of antibodies 
77 
The cellular background of antibody production 79
Kinetics of antibody formation 82
Endogenous regulation of the antibody response 86
Creation of antibody specificity 86
Monoclonal eternal antibodies 89
Bibliography 90
Chapter 7. Cell-mediated immune reactions 
91 
Role of the thymus during T lymphocyte differentiation 91
Specificity of T lymphocytes 93
Other cell-mediated cytotoxic reactions 97
Two examples of T cell dependent cell-mediated immunity 98
Test of T cell functions 100
Bibliography 100
Chapter 8. Immune tolerance and autoimmunity 
101 
Immune tolerance 101
Autoimmunity—a breakage of immune tolerance 106
Bibliography 110
Chapter 9. Immunogenetics 
111 
Blood groups 111
Transplantation antigens 119
Bibliography 130
Chapter 10. Tumour immunology 
131 
Tumour antigens 131
Experimental tumours 132
Human tumours 133
Induction of tumour immunity 133
Immunological surveillance 134
Mechanisms by which tumours may avoid the rejection reaction 135
Possibilities of increasing immune reactivity against tumours 136
Analogy between cancer in man and in experimental animals 137
Bibliography 137
Chapter 11. Host defence against infections 
138 
Non-specific host defence 138
Specific immunity against infections 149
Host defence can cause tissue damage 155
Bibliography 156
Chapter 12. Immunoprophylaxis—immunoglobulins, vaccines 
157 
Passive immunization 157
Active immunization 160
Bibliography 168
Chapter 13. Deficiencies in host defence 
169 
Deficiencies in immunity mediated by humoral antibodies: hypogammaglobulinaemia antibody deficiency syndromes 
170 
Deficiencies in cell-mediated immunity 177
Deficiencies in immunity mediated via humoral antibodies and cellmediated immunity 
179 
Deficiencies in non-specific host defence 182
Bibliography 184
Chapter 14. Clinical transplantation immunology 
185 
Kidney transplantation 186
Bone marrow transplantation 189
Transplantation of an organ to an immunologically privileged site 191
The fetus as a transplant 191
Association between clinical disease and HLA antigens 192
Bibliography 195
Chapter 15. Clinical tumour immunology 
196 
Demonstration that a patient reacts immunologically against his own tumour 
197 
TAM and TAA defined with polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies 197
Diagnostic potential 199
Therapeutic potential 200
Conclusion 201
Bibliography 201
Chapter 16. Immunological diseases: immunological reactivity, inflammation and tissue damage 
202 
The immediate hypersensitivity reaction—type 1 202
The cytotoxic or cytolytic reaction—type 2 203
The immune complex reaction—type 3 204
The delayed hypersensitivity reaction—type 4 204
Other type reactions 205
Bibliography 208
Chapter 17. Atopic allergies and contact allergies 
209 
Immediate hypersensitivity reactions 209
Delayed hypersensitivity reactions 221
Bibliography 222
Chapter 18. Immunological side effects of drugs 
223 
Drugs as immunogens 223
How is the allergic reaction induced? 225
Predisposing factors 225
Mechanisms for drug induced tissue damage 225
Immunological reactions with blood cells under the influence of drugs 226
Drug-induced systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) 228
Allergy to penicillins 229
Bibliography 230
Chapter 19. Immune complex diseases 
231 
Deposition of circulating immune complexes in tissues 233
Joint diseases 235
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) 235
Vasculitis 236
Glomerulonephritis 236
GBM nephritis 237
Glomerulonephritis induced by circulating immune complexes 238
Lung diseases 239
Bibliography 239
Chapter 20. The complement system and disease 
240 
Hereditary deficiency of factors in the complement system 240
Inherited deficiency of inhibitors within the complement system 241
Hyocomplementemia 242
Aggregation of neutrophilic granulocytes 243
Disorders of the subcomponents of C1 
244 
Increased levels of the complement factors 244
Complement analyses in pathological conditions 245
Bibliography 246
Chapter 21. Autoimmune diseases 
247 
Antigens 248
Effector mechanisms 248
Blood diseases 249
Endocrine diseases 250
Skin diseases 252
Liver diseases 252
Muscle diseases 253
Connective tissue diseases 254
Bibliography 256
Chapter 22. Immunosuppressive therapy 
257 
Inhibition of immunological tissue damage 257
Immunosuppressive measures 258
Side effects of treatment with immunosuppressive drugs 264
Bibliography 265
Appendix 1. Blood group serology for clinical use 
266 
Sampling 266
Methodology for blood group serologic analyses 266
ABO grouping 268
Rh grouping 269
Antibody investigation 270
Compatibility testing (cross-matching) 270
Sources of error in blood group serological tests 271
Bibliography 272
Appendix 2. Immunological diagnosis of immunodeficiencies and immunological diseases 
273 
Immunological investigations in cases of increased sensitivity to infections 
273 
Immunological investigation of allergic diseases and immune complex diseases 
278 
Immunological investigation of autoimmune diseases 282
Bibliography 287
Glossary 289
Index 297
Color Plate 
210