General Immunology (eBook)

Front Cover 2
General Immunology 4
Copyright Page 5
Dedication 6
Preface 8
Acknowledgements 10
Table of Contents 12
Section I. Introduction 14
1. Immunology and the Scientific Method 16
HISTORY OF IMMUNOLOGY 16
THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 17
THE SCIENCE OF IMMUNOLOGY 17
HOW IS INFORMATION IN IMMUNOLOGYOBTAINED? 19
THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD 20
APPLICATIONS OF IMMUNOLOGY 21
WHERE ARE IMMUNOLOGISTS LOCATED? 21
A SUMMARIZING COMMENT 21
2. An Overview of Immunity 22
INTRODUCTION 22
THE MACHINERY 23
PHAGOCYTOSIS 24
T-CELLS, B-CELLS 24
ORGANS 24
THE TWO IMMUNITIES 26
ANTIGENS 26
SPECIFICITY AND MEMORY 26
THE IMMUNOGLOBULINS 27
CLINICAL ASPECTS OF IMMUNOLOGY 27
THE NEED FOR ANIMAL MODELS:A COMPARATIVE AND DEVELOPMENTALAPPROACH 30
FINAL COMMENT 30
3. Analysing the Immune System 31
INTRODUCTION 31
TECHNIQUES FOR STUDYING CELLS,TISSUES AND ORGANS OF THE IMMUNESYSTEM 31
ISOLATING ANTIBODIES FROM THEIMMUNE SYSTEM 37
A METHOD FOR THE FUTURE:X-RAY DIFFRACTION 42
FINAL COMMENT 43
Section II. Foreignness 44
4. Antigens 46
INTRODUCTION 46
KINDS OF ANTIGENS 47
ANTIGENIC AND IMMUNOGENICSPECIFICITY 52
HOST AND EXTERNAL INFLUENCESON ANTIGENS 54
ANTIGEN RECOGNITION AND CELLRECEPTORS 56
FINAL COMMENT 59
Section III. How the Immune System Developed 60
5. The Phylum Chordata 62
INTRODUCTION 62
THE ASCIDIANS 62
THE GENERAL PLAN: FROM BONE MARROWTO T- AND B-LYMPHOCYTES 64
THE VERTEBRATES 65
FINAL COMMENT 76
6. Ontogeny of the Immune System 77
THE BASIC DEVELOPMENTAL PLANOF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 77
BIRDS 83
HISTOGENESIS OF LYMPHOID ORGANSIN OTHER VERTEBRATES 87
FINAL COMMENT 89
Section IV. Cells of the Immune System 90
7. Macrophages and Monocytes 92
INTRODUCTION 92
BACKGROUND 92
ORIGIN, DEVELOPMENT ANDDIFFERENTIATION OFMONOCYTES AND MACROPHAGES 95
BIOCHEMISTRY AND METABOLISM 96
FUNCTION OF MACROPHAGES 98
MACROPHAGES IN PRIMITIVE ANIMALS 103
FINAL COMMENT 104
8. Granulocytes and Mast Cells 105
INTRODUCTION 105
NEUTROPHILS 105
EOSINOPHILS 108
BASOPHILS 110
MAST CELLS 111
GRANULOCYTES AND MAST CELLSIN PRIMITIVE ANIMALS 113
FINAL COMMENT 114
9. The Lymphocytes 115
INTRODUCTION 115
MORPHOLOGY 115
CHARACTERIZATION 118
BIOCHEMICAL EVENTS 122
NUCLEIC ACID SYNTHESIS 126
DNA 126
RNA 127
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 127
LYMPHOCYTES OF PRIMITIVE ANIMALS 127
FINAL COMMENT 128
Section V. Defense and Immunity 130
10. Phagocytosis 132
INTRODUCTION 132
PHAGOCYTOSIS BY MACROPHAGES 132
THE PROCESS IN NEUTROPHILS 135
KILLING BY PHAGOCYTIC CELLS 137
PHAGOCYTES IN HIBERNATING MAMMALS 138
TEMPERATURE AND PHAGOCYTOSISIN TELEOST FISHES 139
EVOLUTION OF THE MONONUCLEARPHAGOCYTIC SYSTEM 140
PHAGOCYTOSIS IN INVERTEBRATES 140
FINAL COMMENT 142
11. Interactions of Lymphocytes 143
INTRODUCTION 143
CHARACTERISTICS OF IMMUNE CELLS 143
DIFFERENCES BETWEENT- AND B-LYMPHOCYTES 146
CHARACTERISTICS OF MACROPHAGES 149
CELL COOPERATION BETWEENB- AND T-LYMPHOCYTES 149
ROLE OF MACROPHAGES 151
INTERACTIONS OF IMMUNE CELLSIN PRIMITIVE ANIMALS 151
THEORIES OF T-B-CELL COLLABORATION 152
FINAL COMMENT 154
Section VI. Antigens, Antibodies and Immunoglobulins 156
12. Antigen-Antibody Reactions 158
INTRODUCTION 158
ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY BINDING 158
METHODS OF STUDYINGANTIGEN-ANTIBODY REACTIONS 159
ANALYSES OF ANTIGEN-ANTIBODYREACTIONS 160
SECONDARY ANALYSES OFANTIGEN-ANTIBODY REACTIONS 164
FINAL COMMENT 173
13. Antibody Synthesis 175
INTRODUCTION 175
ANTIGEN ELIMINATION 176
ANTIBODY FORMATION 178
ANTIBODY SYNTHESIS MEASURED IN VITRO 179
ROLE OF ANTIGEN ON ANTIBODYSYNTHESIS IN OTHER VERTEBRATES 182
THE INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ONANTIBODY PRODUCTION 184
ANTIBODY SYNTHESIS AT THE CELL LEVELIN POIKILOTHERMIC VERTEBRATES 184
FINAL COMMENT 187
14. Structure of Immunoglobulins 188
INTRODUCTION 188
RESOLUTION OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS 188
ISOLATION OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS 191
POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN STRUCTURE 192
CONFORMATION OF IMMUNOGLOBULING,M,A 197
AMINO-ACID SEQUENCING 198
THE ANTIBODY COMBINING SITE 200
BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OFIMMUNOGLOBULINS 201
EVOLUTIONARY SIGNIFICANCE OFß2-MICROGLOBULIN 202
IMMUNOGLOBULINS OF DIVERSEVERTEBRATES 203
EVOLUTION OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS 206
FINAL COMMENT 207
15. Immunoglobulin Assembly 208
INTRODUCTION 208
THE IMMONOGLOBULIN-PRODUCINGPLASMA CELL 209
THE NUCLEIC ACIDS OFIMMUNOGLOBULIN SYNTHESIZING CELLS(GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS) 210
GENERAL FEATURES OF PROTEINSYNTHESIS 213
IMMUNOGLOBULIN SYNTHESIS 213
SYNTHESIS OF IgA 218
FINAL COMMENT 218
Section VII. Organs of the Immune System 220
16. The Bone Marrow 222
INTRODUCTION 222
GROSS ANATOMY AND CIRCULATION 222
COMPONENTS 223
BONE-MARROW FUNCTION 227
BONE-MARROW LYMPHOCYTES 229
IS THE BONE MARROW A MAJORLYMPHOID ORGAN? 233
BONE-MARROW TRANSPLANTATION 234
ANIMAL MODELS (CHICKENS, QUAILS,OPOSSUMS, ALLOPHENIC MICE ANDMARMOSETS) 235
HEMOPOIESIS IN PRIMITIVE VERTEBRATES 236
HEMOPOIESIS IN INVERTEBRATES 237
FINAL COMMENT 238
17. The Thymus 239
INTRODUCTION 239
GROSS ANATOMY 239
MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY 240
THYMUS CELL SUBPOPULATIONS 247
HOW THE THYMUS COOPERATES 248
THE THYMUS AND IMMUNOLOGICALMEMORY 248
THYMIC INDEPENDENCE 249
THE THYMIC HORMONE 250
THE THYMUS AND IMMUNE SURVEILLANCE 250
THYMIC INVOLUTION 252
THE THYMUS IN OTHER ANIMALS 253
FINAL COMMENT 254
18. The Spleen 256
INTRODUCTION 256
GROSS ANATOMY 256
STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION 257
CIRCULATION 260
FUNCTION IN IMMUNITY 261
EVENTS ASSOCIATED WITH ANTIBODYSYNTHESIS 264
SPLENECTOMY AND IMMUNITY 267
SOME DEVIATIONS IN STRUCTUREDURING EVOLUTION 268
COMPARATIVE APPROACHES TO THESPLEEN IN IMMUNITY 268
FINAL COMMENT 269
19. Lymph Nodes 270
INTRODUCTION 270
GROSS ANATOMY 270
MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY 272
FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY 274
FUNCTION 275
FINAL COMMENT 276
20. Lymphoid Aggregations and Nodules 277
INTRODUCTION 277
LYMPHOID CELLS, TISSUES, NODULES 277
TONSILS 278
INTESTINAL AGGREGATIONS 282
HEMAL LYMPH NODES AND HEMAL NODES 282
THE BURSA OF FABRICIUS: ITS PLACEIN IMMUNOLOGY 285
OTHER AVIAN LYMPHOID AGGREGATION 287
LYMPHOID AGGREGATIONS IN OTHERVERTEBRATES: FISHES, AMPHIBIANSAND REPTILES 288
FINAL COMMENT 291
Section VIII. How the Immune System Evolved 292
21. Phylogeny of Cell-mediated Immunity 294
INTRODUCTION 294
SKETCH OF THE INVERTEBRATE PHYLA 296
RECOGNITION 297
WHERE DID CELLULAR AND HUMORALIMMUNITY ARISE? 298
TRANSPLANTATION IN THE PROTOZOA(ONE-CELLED ANIMALS) 298
RECOGNITION IN SPONGES 298
DID IMMUNOLOGIC MEMORY EVOLVEFROM THE SIMPLE METAZOA? 299
PRIMORDIAL CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY 299
CYTOTOXICITY AND OTHER AGGRESSIVEREACTIONS MEDIATED BY INVERTEBRATEIMMUNOCYTES 302
ALLOAGGRESSION INDUCED BYECHINODERM CELLS 302
HOW DID THE IMMUNE SYSTEM EVOLVEAND WHERE DO WE GO? 303
FINAL COMMENT 304
22. Humoral Immunity in Invertebrates 305
INTRODUCTION 305
THE RESPONSE IN SIPUNCULIDS 306
ANTIGEN CLEARANCE AND PHYSICOCHEMICALANALYSIS IN PELECYPODA ANDGASTROPODS 306
HUMORAL RESPONSES IN ANTHROPODS 308
HUMORAL RESPONSES OF ARTHROPODSAND ECHINODERMS COMPARED 311
HEMAGGLUTININ IN A TUNICATE 311
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL STUDIESOF HEMAGGLUTININS 312
HUMORAL COMPONENTS AND VERTEBRATECOMPLEMENT COMPARED 312
FINAL COMMENT 313
23. Evolution and Theories of Immunity 315
INTRODUCTION 315
PHYLOGENY OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE 315
HOMOLOGY, ANALOGY, CONVERGENCEAND DIVERGENCE 320
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY AS REVEALED BYANTIBODY SYNTHESIS 324
BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE MHC 333
A FINAL COMMENT ON HOW WE MIGHTCONTINUE TO SEARCH FOR THE MAJORHISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX 335
FINAL COMMENT 336
Further Reading 338
Appendix 344
Index 348