Automatic Control in Aerospace 1989 (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Automatic Control in Aerospace 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 8
PART I: PLENARY SESSION 12
Chapter 1. NASDA's Long-range Plan and Automatic Control 12
1. INTRODUCTION 12
2. SPACE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM 13
3. SPACE UTILIZATION SYSTEM 15
4. DEVELOPMENT OF SPACE INFRASTRUCTURE AND EVOLUTION OF MANNED SPACE ACTIVITIES 22
5. DEVELOPMENT AND UTILIZATION OF THE MOON AND PLANETS 26
6. CONCLUSIONS 26
7. REFERENCES 26
Chapter 2. The NASA Telerobotics Research Program 28
INTRODUCTION 28
APPLICATIONS OF SPACE TELEROBOTICS 29
NASA's SUPPORTING RESEARCH PROGRAM 30
CONCLUSIONS AND OBSERVATIONS 34
GLOSSARY 35
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 35
REFERENCES 35
PART II: NAVIGATION, ATTITUDE DETERMINATION AND POINTING SYSTEMS 38
Chapter 3. Dynamic Evaluation for the DRTS User Spacecrafts' Antenna Pointing System 38
INTRODUCTION 38
ANTENNA POINTING SYSTEM 38
ACTUATOR MODELING 39
DYNAMIC TEST 41
CONCLUSIONS 43
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 43
REFERENCES 43
Chapter 4. Control Design of an Antenna Pointing Control System with Large On-board Reflectors 44
NOMENCLATURE 44
INTRODUCTION 44
SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS 44
SYSTEM CONFIGURATION 45
DYNAMICS 45
CONTROL DESIGN 46
CONCLUSIONS 48
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 48
REFERENCES 48
Chapter 5. The Theoretical and Experimental Validation of the GPS–INS-STAR Hybrid Navigation System Concept 50
INTRODUCTION 50
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 50
DESCRIPTION OF EXPERIMENT AND ITS RESULTS 51
DISCUSSIONS BY THEORETICAL APPROACH 53
CONCLUSIONS 55
REFERENCES 55
Chapter 6. Kalman Filter Based Range Estimation for Autonomous Navigation using imaging sensors 56
1 Introduction 56
2 Image Geometry 56
3 Optical Flow Computation 57
4 Recursive Range Estimation 59
5 Numerical Results 59
6 Summary 61
References 61
Chapter 7. A Star Pattern Recognition Algorithm for Autonomous Attitude Determination 62
INTRODUCTION 62
PREVIOUS RELATED RESULTS 63
RECOGNITION ALGORITHM 63
SUCCESS RATE OF RECOGNITION ALGORITHM 66
COMPUTATIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR FAST 68
CONCLUSIONS 69
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 69
REFERENCES 69
Chapter 8. New Concept for Autonomous Rendezvous Approach Navigation and Guidance System using Only Target Image Information 70
INTRODUCTION 70
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 71
FUNDAMENTAL EQUATIONS 71
OBSERVABILITY ANALYSIS 72
NAVIGATION SIMULATION 73
VISUAL SENSOR IMPLEMENTATION 74
APPROACH SOE AND GUIDANCE 74
CONCLUSIONS 75
REFERENCES 75
PART III: SATELLITE ATTITUDE AND ORBITAL CONTROL SYSTEMS I 76
Chapter 9. Attitude Control System for Engineering Test Satellite–VI 76
1. Introduction 76
2. Spacecraft Configuration 76
3. Requirements 76
4. Attitude Control System Configuration 77
5. Attitude Control Design 77
6. Simulation Results 79
7. Conclusion 79
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 79
REFERENCE 79
Chapter 10. Attitude and Orbit Control Subsystem for MOS–1 86
INTRODUCTION 86
OUTLINE OF THE AOCS 86
REGULATOR DESIGN 87
FLIGHT EXPERIENCE 89
CONCLUSIONS 91
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 91
REFERENCES 91
Chapter 11. Attitude and Orbit Control Subsystem for ERS–1 and its Subsystem Test 92
INTRODUCTION 92
THRUSTER CONTROL 93
NORMAL MODE CONTROL 95
SUBSYSTEM TEST 96
CONCLUSION 97
REFERENCES 97
Chapter 12. The Attitude and Orbit Control Subsystem of the EUTLSAT II Spacecraft 98
1. Introduction 98
2. Spacecraft configuration: 99
3. Mission Sequence 99
4. ADCS Equipment Description 100
5. ADCE, Central Part of the ADCS 101
6. ADCS Operational Modes: 104
7. Control Loop Configuration, Design and Analysis 106
8. Subsystem Qualification and Test : 110
9. Conclusion 111
10. References 111
PART IV: SPACE ROBOTICS AND MANIPULATORS 122
Chapter 13. Autonomous Navigation and Control of a Mars Rover 122
1. Introduction 122
2. Semiautononious Navigation Scenario 122
3. Sensing and Perception 122
4. Path Planning & Execution Monitoring
5. Implementation and Testing 125
6 Conclusions and Results 125
References 125
Chapter 14. Simulation System for a Space Robot Using 6 Axis Servos 126
INTRODUCTION 126
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 127
SIMULATION ALGORITHM 128
EVALUATION TEST 129
CONCLUSION 130
REFERENCES 131
APPENDIX 131
Chapter 15. Theoretical and Experimental Study on In-Orbit Capture Operation with Satellite Mounted Manipulator 132
INTRODUCTION 132
THEORETICAL STUDY ON MODELING AND CONTROL OF SPACE ROBOTIC SYSTEMS 132
EXPERIMENTAL MODEL 133
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 135
CONCLUSIONS 136
APPENDIX 136
REFERENCES 137
Chapter 16. Simulation and Control of Space Manipulators Bearing Complex Payloads 138
INTRODUCTION 138
PAYLOADS TO BE HANDLED 138
THE SIMULATON PROBLEM 139
THE CONTROL PROBLEM 141
CONCLUSION 143
REFERENCES 143
Chapter 17. Experimental Implementation of a Nonlinear Estimator in the Control of Flexible Joint Manipulators 144
INTRODUCTION 144
EXPERIMENTAL MANIPULATOR 144
EARLY RESULTS 145
RATIONALE 145
ESTIMATOR DESIGN 145
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 148
CONCLUSIONS 148
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 149
REFERENCES 149
APPENDIX I: MANIPULATOR MODEL 149
APPENDIX II: ROBUSTNESS ANALYSIS 151
PART V: INSTRUMENTS AND AERONAUTICAL SYSTEMS 152
Chapter 18. A Review of Space Guidance and Control Equipment 152
INTRODUCTION 152
SENSORS 152
ACTUATION 154
CONCLUSIONS 156
REFERENCES 156
Chapter 19. Noninteracting Control of Dynamically Tuned Dry Gryo and its Application to Measurement of Two-axis Angular Accelerations 158
NOMENCLATURE 158
INTRODUCTION 158
USE OF TDG IN ANALOG REBALANCE LOOP 159
DERIVATION OF ANALYTICAL SOLUTION FOR IMPROVED RCC 160
DESIGN AND MANUFACTURE OF IMPROVED RCC 160
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 161
CONCLUSIONS 162
REFERENCES 163
Chapter 20. Controller Designs of a Gust Load Alleviation System for an Elastic Rectangular Wing 164
INTRODUCTION 164
ROC DESIGN BY THE GHR METHOD 164
ROC DESIGN BY THE NFA METHOD 165
APPLICATION TO A GUST LOAD ALLEVIATION SYSTEM 166
CONCLUDING REMARKS 169
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 169
REFERENCES 169
Chapter 21. Study on Integrated Cockpit Display using Flight Simulator 170
INTRODUCTION 170
FLIGHT SIMULATION FACILITY 170
COCKPIT DISPLAY RESEARCH TOOL 171
FLIGHT SIMULATION TEST 172
TEST RESULTS 173
CONCLUDING REMARKS 174
REFERENCE 174
Chapter 22. Robust Control for Large Space Structures: Spillover Suppression by Frequency-shaped Optimal Regulator 176
INTRODUCTION 176
FREQUENCY-SHAPED LQ REGULATOR 176
APPLICATION TO LSS CONTROL 178
EXAMPLE 178
CONCLUSION 180
REFERENCES 180
APPENDICES 181
Chapter 23. Active Stabilization of a Large Flexible Antenna Feed Support Structure 182
INTRODUCTION 182
FLEXIBLE STRUCTURE MODEL 182
CONTROLLER DESIGN 183
CONTROLLER PERFORMANCE 183
EFFECT OF STRIP LOCATION 183
CONCLUSION 185
REFERENCES 185
APPENDIX 186
PROBLEM STATEMENT 186
OBJECTIVE 186
REGULATOR DESIGN WITH PRESCRIBED STABILITY 186
LEMMA 186
SHIEH'S ALGORITHM FOR POLE PLACEMENT 187
Chapter 24. The Development of an Integrated Experiment to Study the Controls/Structures Interaction Problem in Large Optical Systems 188
INTRODUCTION 188
CONTROL OF LARGE SEGMENTED REFLECTORS 189
DESIGN CRITERIA FOR A LABORATORY TEST BED 189
FEATURES OF THE ASCIE TEST BED 189
ASCIE SYSTEM OVER VIEW 191
ASCIE STRUCTURAL DESIGN 191
SEGMENT CONTROL SYSTEM 193
CONTROLS / STRUCTURES INTERACTION 194
PRELIMINARY EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 194
CONCLUSIONS 195
REFERENCES 195
Chapter 25. Control of an Orbiting Platform Supported Tethered Satellite System 196
INTRODUCTION 196
OUTLINE OF THE FORMULATION 196
CONTROL 198
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 200
CONCLUSIONS 201
REFERENCES 201
PART VI: LAUNCH VEHICLES AND INTERPLANETARY VEHICLES 202
Chapter 26. Hardware-in-the-loop Simulation for TR-I Rocket Roll Control System 202
INTRODUCTION 202
HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION 202
CONCLUSION 203
Chapter 27. Robust Techniques Application for Attitude Control of a Launcher During Atmospheric Flight 208
INTRODUCTION 208
MODEL OF THE LAUNCHER 208
MONOAXIS ATTITUDE CONTROL SYNTHESIS 209
COUPLING INFLUENCE ON LAUNCHER STABILITY 209
KALMAN FILTER EFFECT ON GLOBAL ROBUSTNESS. 210
INFLUENCE OF QUADRATO CRITERION 211
OUTPUT AND INPUT ROBUSTNESS 211
CONCLUSION 212
REFERENCES 212
Chapter 28. Optimal Thruster Configurations for the GP-B Spacecraft 214
1 Introduction 214
2 Thrust Control 214
3 Least Authority 216
4 Optimal Thruster Configurations 217
5 Envelope of Least Authority 217
6 Thruster Configurations 218
7 Conclusions 218
8 Acknowledgment 219
9 Appendix: Vector Norms 219
References 219
Chapter 29. Integrated Flight/Propulsion Control: Requirements and Issues 220
INTRODUCTION 220
THE CONTROL PROBLEM 222
CONCLUSION 225
REFERENCES 225
Chapter 30. The Cassini Titan Probe's Adaptive Descent Control 226
INTRODUCTION 226
PROBE MISSION OVERVIEW 227
DESCENT SYSTEM DESIGN 228
UNCERTAINTIES AFFECTING THE DESCENT 230
REQUIREMENTS FOR AUTONOMOUS PROBE CONTROL 230
EFFECTS OF DESCENT CONTROL ACTIONS 231
ADAPTIVE DESCENT CONTROL 231
CONCLUSIONS 233
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 233
REFERENCES 233
Chapter 31. A Continuous Proportional Low-Thrust Propulsion System 234
INTRODUCTION 234
PROPORTIONAL THRUSTER DESIGN 234
TESTING OF THE HELIUM PROPORTIONAL THRUSTER 235
MODELING OF HELIUM FLOW THROUGH THERES TRICTOR AND NOZZLE 236
CONCLUSION 238
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 238
REFERENCES 238
Chapter 32. A Novel Dynamic Programming Algorithm and its Application to Optimal Low-Thrust Tajectory Generation for Space Mission 242
INTRODUCTION 242
GENERAL CONTROL PROBLEM 242
DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING 242
INVENTIVE NUMERICAL TECHNIQUES 243
NUMERICAL EXAMPLES 245
AN APPLICATION TO OPTIMAL LOW-THRUST TRAJECTORY GENERATION 246
CONCLUSIONS 247
AGKNOWLEDGMENT 247
REFERENGES 247
PART VII: SATELLITE ATTITUDE AND ORBITAL CONTROL SYSTEMS II 248
Chapter 33. The Hybrid Attitude Control System for the Geosynchronous Satellite 248
INTRODUCTION 248
HYBRID ATTITUDE CONTROL SYSTEM 249
OPTIMIZATION OF HYBRID CONTROL 250
SIMULATION RESULT 252
CONCLUSIONS 252
REFERENCES 253
Chapter 34. Guidance and Control of Miniature Satellites 254
INTRODUCTION 254
SCALING OF KEY SUBSYSTEMS 255
SMALL SATELLITE ECONOMICS 255
SMALL SATELLITE DEFINITION 255
STABILIZATION METHODS OF SMALL SATELLITES 256
CONCLUSIONS 258
REFERENCES 258
Chapter 35. Automatic Control of Astronomical Satellites 260
INTRODUCTION 260
IRAS AND ISO : AUTOMATIC RECONFIGURATION AND SAFE MODES 261
FAULT DETECTION TRIGGERS AND 
265 
CONCLUSIONS 265
REFERENCES 265
Chapter 36. Novel Concept for Autonomous Controller Design System Utilizing 255Machine Learning Applied to Satellite Attitude Control System Design Problem 266
INTRODUCTION 266
AUTONOMOUS CONTROLLER DESIGN SYSTEM 266
APPLICATION TO MIMO CONTROL PROBLEMS 268
APPLICATION TO SATELLITE ATTITUDE CONTROL SYSTEM DESIGN 269
DISCUSSIONS 271
CONCLUSIONS 271
REFERENCES 271
PART VIII: FUTURE VEHICLES 272
Chapter 37. Navigation and Guidance of the H–II Orbiting Plane 272
INTRODUCTION 272
NAVIGATION 273
GUIDANCE 274
CONCLUSION 275
REFERENCE 276
Chapter 38. Navigation, Guidance and Control Subsystem of Space Flyer Unit 278
INTRODUCTION 278
SYSTEM OVERVIEW 278
NGC SUBSYSTEM 278
RENDEZVOUS OPERATION 279
SFU RENDEZVOUS SIMULATION 282
PROXIMITY OPERATION 282
ATTITUDE CONTROL DESIGN 283
CONCLUSIONS 283
REFERENCES 283
Chapter 39. Design of the HERMES Orbital Flight Controller 284
1. INTRODUCTION 284
2. HERMES SYSTEM ASPECTS 285
3. SPACEPLANE CONFIGURATION 285
4. MISSION ASPECTS 286
5. OFC FUNCTIONAL ARCHITECTURE 287
6 . OFC OPERATIONAL ARCHITECTURE 289
7. CONTROL TOPICS 290
8. SIMULATION RESULTS 291
9. CONCLUSION 292
10. ABBREVIATIONS 292
11. REFERENCES 292
Author Index 294
Keyword Index 296