Traffic Planning and Engineering (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Traffic Planning and Engineering 3
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
Preface to the Second Edition 12
Preface to the First Edition 14
Acknowledgements 17
CHAPTER 1. Administration and Planning in Traffic Engineering 18
PRE-NINETEENTH CENTURY 18
TWENTIETH CENTURY 20
LEGISLATION 23
ORGANISATION OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT 30
PLANNING 32
PLANNING FOR TRAFFIC 37
DESIGN OF RESIDENTIAL AREAS 44
SPACE FOR TRAVEL 49
FURTHER READING 57
CHAPTER 2. Traffic Studies 59
VOLUME 59
MEASUREMENT OF VOLUME 61
VOLUME CHARACTERISTICS 66
SPEED 83
MEASUREMENT OF SPOT SPEED 84
ANALYSIS OF SPOT SPEED MEASUREMENTS 87
SPEED CHARACTERISTICS 93
MEASUREMENT 97
DELAY 100
PRESENTATION OF RESULTS 104
SIGNIFICANCE OF DELAY 106
MISCELLANEOUS MEASUREMENTS 107
FURTHER READING 108
CHAPTER 3. Traffic Surveys and Analysis 111
TRANSPORTATION SURVEYS 112
SURVEY METHODS 117
COMMERCIAL VEHICLE, PUBLIC TRANSPORT AND TAXI CAB SURVEYS 128
HOME INTERVIEW AND QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY PROCEDURES 129
CHECKING TRAVEL DATA 134
ZONING 135
TRAVEL CHARACTERISTICS 136
ANALYSIS OF TRAVEL SURVEYS 151
TRANSPORT MODELS 151
GENERALISED COST 153
TRIP GENERATION 154
TRIP RATE DATA BANKS 161
TRIP DISTRIBUTION 162
TRAFFIC ASSIGNMENT 170
MODAL CHOICE 180
FURTHER READING 186
CHAPTER 4. Parking 190
PARKING SURVEYS 190
PARKING CHARACTERISTICS AND CONTROLS 198
STREET PARKING 207
OFF-STREET PARKING 211
LOCATION OF OFF-STREET PARKING 220
ON- AND OFF-LOADING OF GOODS 221
FURTHER READING 225
CHAPTER 5. Traffic and Environmental Management 227
ONE-WAY STREETS 228
TRAFFIC STUDIES IN MANAGEMENT 230
MANAGEMENT FOR THE PEDESTRIAN 234
TRANSPORT FOR THE ELDERLY 235
GENERAL MANAGEMENT MEASURES 236
PUBLIC TRANSPORT 237
TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT IN PUBLIC TRANSPORT 237
NEW FORMS OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT 238
MEASURES TO IMPROVE BUS ROUTES 241
CONGESTION AND RESTRAINT 245
FREIGHT INTERCHANGES 247
SEGREGATION MEASURES 248
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AND ASSESSMENTS 253
FURTHER READING 273
CHAPTER 6. The Road User, the Vehicle and the Road 277
PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS 277
THE SENSORY SYSTEM 278
VISION 280
HEARING 285
OTHER SENSES 285
APPLICATIONS 287
PERCEPTION 288
THE DRIVING TASK 292
MODIFYING FACTORS IN PERFORMANCE 295
FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE BEHAVIOUR 297
THE VEHICLE 299
VISIBILITY 300
LIGHTING 303
VEHICLE WARNING AND INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS 310
BRAKES 311
VEHICLE DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHTS 318
VEHICLE PERFORMANCE 321
THE ROAD 327
ROAD ALIGNMENT 327
FURTHER READING 345
CHAPTER 7. The Traffic Stream and Capacity 349
THE TRAFFIC STREAM 349
HEADWAYS 351
TRAFFIC FLOW RELATIONSHIPS 355
CAPACITY 356
SPEED CHARACTERISTICS 361
OVERTAKING 364
JUNCTIONS 366
OPERATION 366
VEHICLE MOVEMENTS AND MANOEUVRES 369
DELAYS 375
TYPES OF JUNCTIONS 376
ROUNDABOUTS 380
ELEMENTS OF DESIGN 382
ACCELERATION AND DECELERATION LENGTHS 385
GRADE SEPARATED INTERCHANGES 386
CAPACITY 387
CAPACITY OF JUNCTIONS AND INTERCHANGES 387
FURTHER READING 397
CHAPTER 8. Traffic Control Systems 400
DEFINITIONS AND NOTATION 401
CAPACITY OF JUNCTIONS WITH SIGNALS 405
CYCLE TIME CHOICE 406
VEHICLE ACTUATED SIGNALS 414
ADDITIONAL SIGNAL CONTROL FACILITIES 418
BUS SIGNALS 422
COORDINATED SIGNAL SYSTEMS 423
AREA TRAFFIC CONTROL OR WIDE AREA CONTROL 429
TRAFFIC SIGNAL EQUIPMENT 432
FURTHER READING 435
CHAPTER 9. Street Lighting, Traffic Signs and Carriageway Markings 437
STREET LIGHTING 437
GENERAL PRINCIPLES 437
STREET LIGHTING SOURCES 442
LANTERNS 443
LAYOUT 450
TRAFFIC SIGNS 461
VISUAL ATTENTION 463
SIGN LETTERING AND LEGIBILITY 466
MAINTENANCE 473
SITING OF SIGNS AND LETTER SIZE 473
NIGHT VISIBILITY REQUIREMENTS 476
STANDARDS 477
PRINCIPLES OF ROUTE SIGNING 479
PURPOSE AND TYPES OF MARKING 482
AIDS TO NIGHT VISIBILITY AND REFLECTORISATION 487
FURTHER READING 488
CHAPTER 10. Accidents and Road Safety 490
THE PROBLEM 490
ROAD SAFETY AND ACCIDENTS 491
ACCIDENT REPORTING AND TABULATION 493
ACCIDENT RECORDS 494
ACCIDENT CAUSATION AND INJURY PREVENTION 510
THE VEHICLE 511
INJURY 517
CRASH INJURY IMPROVEMENTS 521
SAFETY EQUIPMENT 524
THE ROAD USER 527
ROAD LAYOUT AND IMPROVEMENTS 535
EFFECTIVE MEASURES FOR IMPROVING SAFETY 544
FURTHER READING 549
Index 552