Principles of Ocean Physics (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Principles of Ocean Physics 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 10
Preface 6
Acknowledgments 8
Publisher's Credits 9
Chapter One. Physical Oceanography: An Overview 16
1.1 Introduction 16
1.2 The Evolution of Modern Physical Oceanography 18
Bibliography 27
Chapter Two. Forcing Functions and Responses 28
2.1 Introduction 28
2.2 Forcing Functions On and In the Sea 28
2.3 Gravitational and Rotational Forces 29
2.4 Radiative, Thermodynamic, and Related Forces 30
2.5 Zonal and Meridional Variations 36
2.6 Wind Stress 43
2.7 The General Circulation of the Ocean 47
2.8 The Wind-Driven Oceanic Circulation 52
2.9 Pressure Forcing 56
2.10 The Thermohaline Circulation 57
2.11 The Sea Floor and Its Dynamics 62
Bibliography 73
Chapter Three. Hydrodynamic Equations of the Sea 76
3.1 Introduction 76
3.2 The Convective Derivative and the Momentum Equation 77
3.3 Gravitational Forces 79
3.4 Effects of Spin 81
3.5 The Coriolis Force 85
3.6 More Gravity 96
3.7 Tidal Forces 97
3.8 Total Potential Caused by Gravity and Rotation 106
3.9 Internal Forces in a Viscous Fluid 106
3.10 Conservation Equations for Mass and Salinity 116
3.11 The Momentum Equation 121
3.12 Fluctuations, Reynolds Stresses, and Eddy Coefficients 126
3.13 Boundary Conditions in Fluid Dynamics 134
Bibliography 137
Chapter Four. Thermodynamics and Energy Relations 139
4.1 Introduction 139
4.2 Molecular Structure of H2O 140
4.3 Effects of Temperature, Salinity, and Pressure 143
4.4 Thermodynamics of Seawater 147
4.5 Additional Thermodynamic Equations 151
4.6 Heat Conduction Equation 156
4.7 Specific Volume and Salinity Equations 157
4.8 Equation of State 158
4.9 Combined Hydrodynamics and Thermodynamics 164
4.10 Energy Flow and Energy Equations 168
4.11 Total Energy Equations 173
Bibliography 175
Chapter Five. Geophysical Fluid Dynamics I: Waves and Tides 177
5.1 Introduction 177
5.2 Quasi-Steady Motions 178
5.3 Buoyancy and Stability 182
5.4 Surface Waves 186
5.5 Linear Capillary and Gravity Waves 191
5.6 Dispersion Characteristics of Surface Waves 198
5.7 Surface Gravity Waves 200
5.8 Surface Capillary Waves 202
5.9 Surface Wave Vorticity 205
5.10 The Stream Function 205
5.11 Energy Flow in Surface Waves 208
5.12 Statistical Descriptions of Surface Gravity Waves 210
5.13 Long-Wave, Shallow Water Equations 218
5.14 Tsunami and Seismic Sea Waves 220
5.15 Deep Sea and Coastal Tides 225
5.16 Internal Wave Dynamics 235
5.17 The Two-Layer Fluid 247
5.18 Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability 255
Bibliography 261
Chapter Six. Geophysical Fluid Dynamics II: Currents and Circulation 263
6.1 Introduction 263
6.2 Surface Wind Stress and Ekman Layer Dynamics 264
6.3 Inertial Oscillations 276
6.4. Vorticity: Relative, Planetary, Absolute, and Potential 286
6.5 Sverdrup Transport 298
6.6 Western Boundary Currents and Geostrophic Flow 300
6.7 Vorticity Balance in a Western Boundary Current 312
6.8 The Rossby Radius and the Western Boundary Current 327
6.9 Meanderings and Other Mesoscale Motions 330
6.10 Quasi-Geostrophic Motion and Rossby Waves 339
6.11 Equatorial Waves and El Nino 346
6.12 A Summary Dispersion Diagram 351
6.13 Large-Scale Circulation 353
Bibliography 361
Chapter Seven. Acoustical Oceanography 363
7.1 Introduction 363
7.2 Characteristics of Sound in the Sea 363
7.3 The Acoustic Wave Equation 365
7.4 The Speed of Sound 369
7.5 Mechanical Properties of Acoustic Waves 373
7.6 A Simple Solution to the Wave Equation 375
7.7 Ray Tracing and the Eikonal Equation 379
7.8 Propagation Loss 386
7.9 Reflection and Scattering from Ocean Surfaces 395
7.10 Reflection, Refraction, and Scattering at the Sea Floor 404
7.11 Reflection and Scattering by Bodies in the Water Column 409
7.12 Acoustics and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics 418
7.13 Underwater Noise 420
Bibliography 423
Chapter Eight. Electromagnetics and the Sea 425
8.1 Introduction 425
8.2 Maxwell's Equations and Constitutive Relations 426
8.3 Dielectric Function and Electrical Conductivity 429
8.4 Reflection at a Plane Surface 437
8.5 The Radar Equation for a Distributed Surface 446
8.6 Scattering of Electromagnetic Radiation 449
8.7 Radar Scatter and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics 468
8.8 Synthetic and Real Aperture Imaging Radars 482
8.9 The Wave Action Equation 496
8.10 Emission from the Sea Surface 507
8.11 Induced EMF's and Currents 521
Bibliography 528
Chapter Nine. Optics of the Sea 531
9.1 Introduction 531
9.2 Optical Fields and Parameters 533
9.3 Surface Illumination: Sun, Sky, and Artificial 541
9.4 Surface Interactions: Reflection, Scattering, and Refraction 547
9.5 Subsurface Interactions: Pure Seawater 564
9.6 Subsurface Interactions: Particles, Plankton, and Gelbstoffe 568
9.7 Fluorescence and Bioluminescence 585
9.8 Radiative Transfer Beneath the Sea 590
9.9 Ocean Color Underwater Imaging
9.10 Remote Sensing of Optical Parameters 611
9.11 Optics and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics 618
Bibliography 623
Appendix One: Fundamental Physical Constants 627
Appendix Two: Astronomical and Geodetic Parameters 628
Appendix Three: Representative Values for Oceanic and Atmospheric Parameters 629
Appendix Four: Electrical Parameters 632
Appendix Five: imensionless Numbers for Fluids 633
Index 635