The Human Teratomas

1 History of Teratomas.- Early Morphologic and Clinical Studies of Ovarian Teratomas.- Theories of the Origin of Teratomas.- Early Morphologic and Clinical Studies of Testicular Teratomas.- Extragonadal Teratomas.- Teratomas in Animals.- Experimental Studies.- References.- 2 The Pathology of Human Teratomas.- Classification of Germ Cell Tumors.- Origin of Teratomas.- Testicular Teratomas.- Ovarian Teratomas.- Extragonadal Teratomas.- Histopathology.- Embryonal Carcinoma.- Somatic Tissues.- Extraembryonic Tissues.- Nonneoplastic Components of Teratomas.- Variant Forms of Teratomas and Related Lesions.- Monophyletic or Unilaterally Differentiated Teratomas.- Mixed Teratoid Tumors.- Mixed Mullerian Tumors.- Fetus in Fetu.- Site of Origin of Teratomas.- Ovarian Teratomas.- Testicular Teratomas.- Sacrococcygeal Teratomas.- Retroperitoneal Teratomas.- Mediastinal Teratomas.- Teratomas of the Neck.- Intracranial Teratomas.- Teratomas in Unusual Locations.- Associated Lesions and Abnormalities.- Twinning.- Association of Teratomas and Malformations.- Chromosomal Abnormalities and Genetic Predisposition to Teratomas.- Disturbances in the Immune System.- References.- 3 The Origin of Teratomas.- Dermoid Cyst (Benign Cystic Teratoma) of the Ovary.- Genetic Evidence in Favor of a Postmeiotic (Parthenogenic) Origin of Dermoid Cysts.- Teratomas of Testis.- The Application of Genetic Techniques to Germ Cell Tumors of the Testis.- Germ Cell Tumors of the Pineal Gland (and Its Environs).- Teratomas of the Mediastinum.- The Origin of Teratomas of the Pineal Gland, Mediastinum, and Sacrococcygeal Region in the Neonatal Period and in Infancy.- Genetic and Chromosomal Observations on Extragonadal Teratomas and on Individuals Who Have Extragonadal Teratomas.- Teratomas Associated with Sex Chromosome Abnormalities.- X Chromosome Differentiation, Barr Body Formation, and Teratomas.- Discussion.- References.- 4 The Epidemiology of Human Teratomas.- Frequency.- Teratomas of the Ovary.- Testicular Teratomas.- Sacrococcygeal and Presacral Teratomas.- Mediastinal Teratomas.- Retroperitoneal Teratomas.- Renal Teratomas.- Intracranial Teratomas.- Intraspinal Teratomas.- Thyroid and Cervical Teratomas.- Nasopharyngeal Teratomas.- Cardiac, Gastric, Orbital, Hepatic, and Uterine Teratomas.- Conclusions.- References.- 5 Malignant Alteration in Benign Teratomas.- Ovary.- Squamous Cell Carcinoma.- Age and Incidence.- Symptoms.- Gross Pathology.- Histology.- Spread.- Diagnosis and Treatment.- Prognosis.- Carcinoid.- Adenocarcinoma.- Malignant Melanoma.- Sarcoma.- Miscellaneous Tumors.- Etiology and Pathogenesis of Malignant Alteration.- Malignant Alteration in Extraovarian Teratomas.- References.- 6 The Metastasis of Human Teratomas.- Metastasis of Germ Cell Tumors of the Testis.- Incidence and Natural History of Metastasis.- Experimental Data.- Patterns of Metastasis.- History of Metastases.- Effect of Chemotherapy on Metastasis.- Experimental Data.- Metastasis of Germ Cell Tumors of the Ovary.- Metastasis of Extragonadal Germ Cell Tumors.- Conclusions.- References.- 7 Neural Tissues in Human Teratomas.- Frequency of Nervous Tissue in Teratomas.- Types of Neuroectodermal Tissues Present in Teratomas.- Embryonal and Fetal Structures and Tissues.- Mature Structures and Tissues.- Reactive Phenomena in Teratoid Nervous Tissue.- Implants and Neurogenic Metastases in Teratomas.- Ultrastructural Findings in Teratoid Neuroectodermal Tissues.- Clinicopathological Significance of the Neural Components of Teratomas.- References.- 8 Biological Markers of Human Teratomas and Related Germ Cell Tumors.- Pathology.- Malignant Teratomas.- Seminoma.- Immunocytochemical Approach.- Localization of Placental Proteins.- Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG).- Other Placental Proteins.- Markers of Yolk Sac Differentiation.- Alphafetoprotein (AFP).- Other Yolk Sac Products.- Fibronectin.- Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA).- Epithelial Membrane Antigen (EMA).- Ferritin.- Lactate Dehydrogenase.- Tumors Devoid of Distinct Markers.- Radioimmunolocalization.- Multiple Markers.- Classification of Testicular Tumors.- References.- 9 Endocrine Aspects of Germ Cell Tumors.- Mechanisms Underlying Endocrine Manifestations.- Associated Clinical Syndromes.- Syndromes Associated with HCG Production.- Syndromes Arising from Steroid Hormone Production in the Absence of HCG.- Syndromes Resembling Those of Thyroid Hyperfunction.- Carcinoid Syndrome.- Syndromes of Ectopic Hormone Secretion.- References.- 10 Polypeptide Hormone-Producing Cells in Human Teratomas.- Testicular Teratomas.- Ovarian Teratomas.- Related Ovarian Neoplasms.- Ovarian Carcinoids.- Cystic Mucinous Tumors.- Biological Implications and Clinical Significance of Polypeptide Hormone-Producing Cells in Teratomas.- References.- 11 Chemotherapy of Teratomas.- VAB-6 Combination Chemotherapy in Disseminated Cancer of the Testis.- Primary Mediastinal Germ Cell Tumors.- Germ Cell Tumors of the Ovary.- Adjuvant VAB-6 Chemotherapy Regimen in Resected Stage II-B Testis Cancer.- Concluding Remarks.- References.- 12 Human Testicular Germ Cell Tumors In Vitro.- Cell Lines from Human Testicular Germ Cell Tumors.- Some Characteristics of the Cell Lines.- Embryonal Carcinoma Lines.- Other Cell Lines from Testicular Germ Cell Tumors.- Production of Tumors in Athymic Mice.- Cytogenetics.- Virus Production by Human EC Cells.- Conclusion.- References.- 13 The Characteristics of Cell Lines Derived from Human Germ Cell Tumors.- Human Teratoma Xenograft Lines.- Human Teratocarcinoma Cell Lines Established In Vitro.- Biochemical Properties.- Major Histocompatibility Antigens.- Embryonic Antigens.- SSEA-3.- Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP).- Conclusion.- References.- 14 Human—Mouse Teratocarcinoma Hybrids: A Tool for Analysis of Gene Activity in Early Human Development.- Production of Microcell and Conventional Hybrids.- Induction of Differentiation in Human—Mouse Teratocarcinoma Hybrids.- Reexpression of Human Malic Enzyme by MCP-6 and the PCG Hybrids.- The Expression of HLA-A,B,C in Human EC Cell Lines and MCP-6.- Analysis of X-Inactivation Using Somatic Cell Genetics.- Isolation of Developmentally Regulated Human DNA Sequences.- Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 15 Experimental Mouse Teratocarcinoma: A Model for Human Teratocarcinoma?.- Origin of Mouse Teratocarcinoma.- Nature of Teratocarcinoma Stem Cells.- Regulation of Teratocarcinogenesis.- Comparison of Mouse and Human ECC.- Concluding Remarks.- References.