Patterns in Freshwater Fish Ecology

1. Overview of Fishes and Fish Assemblages.- 1.1 Problems and Approaches in Fish Ecology.- 1.2 Diversity of Fishes and Their Habitats.- 1.3 Questions about Fish Assemblages.- 1.4 Explanations?.- 1.5 Guideposts.- 2. Structure of Fish Assemblages.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Number of Species, Families, and Species per Family.- 2.3 Trophic and Functional Groups, and Predator/Prey Species.- 2.4 Abundance, Body Size, and Mouth Size.- 2.5 Summary.- 3. Discrete Versus Overlapping Assemblages and Assemblage Stability.- 3.1 Discrete Versus Overlapping Assemblages.- 3.2 Stability of Fish Assemblages.- 3.3 Summary.- 4. Stream Ecology and Limnology as Related to Fish Assemblages.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Physical and Chemical Limnology and its Effect on Fish and Fish Assemblages.- 4.3 Lentic Versus Lotic Environments as Fish Habitats.- 4.4 Characteristics of Lakes that Influence Fish Assemblages.- 4.5 Characteristics of Streams that Influence Fish Assemblages.- 4.6 Summary.- 5. Influence of Global toRegional Zoogeography on Local Fish Assemblages.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Global Zoogeography of Freshwater Fishes.- 5.3 Subcontinental Zoogeography of Freshwater Fishes.- 5.4 Regional Biogeography of Fishes.- 5.5 Merging Concepts of Geological, Zoogeographic, and Basin-Level Effects in Ecological Time.- 6. Physical Factors Within Drainages as Related to Fish Assemblages.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Area Effects at “Drainage” Level.- 6.3 Local Habitat Size.- 6.4 Habitat Structure, Cover, Complexity, and Productivity.- 6.5 Zonation of Fishes in Lakes and Streams.- 6.6 Landscape Ecology: Looking Laterally, Instead of Just Up and Down the Stream?.- 6.7 Multivariate Analyses of Fish Distributions, and Influence of Environmental Variables.- 7. Disturbance, Harsh Environments, and Physicochemical Tolerance.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Definition and Time Scales of Disturbance.- 7.3 Floods.- 7.4 Drought.- 7.5 Physicochemical Stress.- 7.6 Disturbance and Physicochemical Effects: Combined.- 8. Morphology, Habitat Use, and Life History.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Water as a Medium: Fluid Drag.- 8.3 Morphology.- 8.4 Hydraulics, Morphology, Microhabitat, and Food Use.- 8.5 Reproduction and Life History.- 8.6 Movement and Migration.- 9. Interactive Factors: Competition, Mixed Species Benefits, and Coevolution.- 9.1 Interspecific Competition and Resource Partitioning.- 9.2 Intraspecific Competition, Density Effects, and Resource Partitioning.- 9.3 Mixed-Species Effects in Assemblages.- 9.4 Coevolution in Fish Assemblages?.- 10. Interactive Factors: Predation Effects in Fish Assemblages.- 10.1 Predation and a Hypothetical Model.- 10.2 Empirical Studies of Piscivory.- 10.3 Experiments with Piscivore-Prey Systems.- 10.4 Theoretical Aspects of Predation.- 10.5 Conclusions: Effects of Piscivory in Fish Assemblages.- 11. Effects of Fish in Ecosystems.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 Direct Effects of Fish in Ecosystems.- 11.3 Planktivory.- 11.4 Herbivory.- 11.5 Nutrient Effects and Ecosystem Engineering.- 11.6 Indirect Effects of Fish in Ecosystems.- 11.7 Keystone Species and Strong Interactors.- Literature Cited.- Taxonomic Index.- Locality Index.