Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract (eBook)
2080 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-08-045615-7 (ISBN)
The original purpose of the First Edition of Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract—to collect in one set of volumes the most current and comprehensive knowledge in our field—was also the driving force for the Fourth Edition. The explosion of information at the cellular level, made possible in part by the continued emergence of powerful molecular and cellular techniques, has resulted in a greater degree of revision than that of any other edition. The first section, now titled Basic Cell Physiology and Growth of the Gl Tract contains numerous new chapters on topics such as transcriptional regulation, signaling networks in development, apoptosis, and mechanisms in malignancies. Most of the chapters in this section were edited by Juanita L. Merchant. Section II has been renamed Neural Gastroenterology and Motility and has been expanded from seven chapters with rather classic titles to more than twenty chapters encompassing not only the movement of the various parts of the digestive tract but also cell physiology, neural regulation, stress, and the regulation of food intake. Almost all of the chapters were recruited and edited by Jackie D. Wood. The third section is entirely new and contains chapters on Immunology and Inflammation which were edited by Kim E. Barrett. The fourth section on the Physiology of Secretion consists of chapters with familiar titles, but with completely updated information to reflect the advances in our understanding of the cellular processes involved in secretion. The last section on Digestion and Absorption contains new chapters on the intestinal barrier, protein sorting and ion channels along with those focusing on the uptake of specific nutrients. These chapters were recruited and edited by Hamid M. Said and Fayez K. Ghishan.
? Collected in one set - the most current and comprehensive coverage of gastrointestinal physiology
? Information presented in a style that is both readable and understandable
? Valuable to the specialized researcher, the clinical gastroenterologist, the teacher, and the student
? Features an entirely new section on Immunology and Inflammation
? Each section edited by the preeminent scientist in the field
FROM THE PREFACE:The original purpose of the First Edition of Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tractto collect in one set of volumes the most current and comprehensive knowledge in our fieldwas also the driving force for the Fourth Edition. The explosion of information at the cellular level, made possible in part by the continued emergence of powerful molecular and cellular techniques, has resulted in a greater degree of revision than that of any other edition. The first section, now titled "e;Basic Cell Physiology and Growth of the Gl Tract"e; contains numerous new chapters on topics such as transcriptional regulation, signaling networks in development, apoptosis, and mechanisms in malignancies. Most of the chapters in this section were edited by Juanita L. Merchant. Section II has been renamed "e;Neural Gastroenterology and Motility"e; and has been expanded from seven chapters with rather classic titles to more than twenty chapters encompassing not only the movement of the various parts of the digestive tract but also cell physiology, neural regulation, stress, and the regulation of food intake. Almost all of the chapters were recruited and edited by Jackie D. Wood. The third section is entirely new and contains chapters on "e;Immunology and Inflammation"e; which were edited by Kim E. Barrett. The fourth section on the "e;Physiology of Secretion"e; consists of chapters with familiar titles, but with completely updated information to reflect the advances in our understanding of the cellular processes involved in secretion. The last section on "e;Digestion and Absorption"e; contains new chapters on the intestinal barrier, protein sorting and ion channels along with those focusing on the uptake of specific nutrients. These chapters were recruited and edited by Hamid M. Said and Fayez K. Ghishan.* Collected in one set - the most current and comprehensive coverage of gastrointestinal physiology* Information presented in a style that is both readable and understandable* Valuable to the specialized researcher, the clinical gastroenterologist, the teacher, and the student* Features an entirely new section on Immunology and Inflammation* Each section edited by the preeminent scientist in the field
front cover 1
copyright 5
table of contents 6
front matter 12
body 24
Volume 1 1
Volume 1 Contents 6
Volume 1 Contributors 12
Volume 1 Preface to the First Edition 20
Volume 1 Preface 22
Volume 1 Acknowledgments 23
1 Transcriptional and Epigenetic Regulation 24
OVERVIEW OF GENE ORGANIZATION 24
EPIGENETIC INFLUENCES 28
ANATOMY OF THE PROMOTER 32
METHODOLOGY 39
TRANSCRIPTIONAL CONTROL OF GASTROINTESTINAL PEPTIDES 42
POSTTRANSCRIPTIONAL PROCESSING 42
TRANSPORT ACROSS THE NUCLEAR MEMBRANE 44
CONCLUSION 45
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 45
REFERENCES 45
2 Translation and Posttranslational Processing of Gastrointestinal Peptides 54
TRANSLATION 54
POSTTRANSLATIONAL PROCESSING 58
TRANSPORT INTO THE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM 58
PROCESSING IN THE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM 61
TRANSPORT FROM THE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM AND THROUGH THE GOLGI 62
PROCESSING REACTIONS IN THE GOLGI 64
FORMATION OF SECRETORY VESICLES 65
PROCESSING REACTIONS IN THE SECRETORY VESICLE 65
POSTTRANSLATIONAL PROCESSING OF PREPROGASTRIN 71
REFERENCES 74
3 Transmembrane Signaling by G Protein-Coupled Receptors 86
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF G PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS 87
MECHANISMS OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION 93
RECEPTOR TYROSINE KINASES ARE SIGNALING PARTNERS FOR G PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS 97
MECHANISMS THAT REGULATE SIGNALING BY G PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS 100
CONCLUSION 108
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 108
REFERENCES 108
4 Gastrointestinal Hormones: Gastrin, Cholecystokinin, Somatostatin, and Ghrelin 114
GASTRIN 115
CHOLECYSTOKININ 123
SOMATOSTATIN 129
GHRELIN 132
REFERENCES 134
5 Postpyloric Gastrointestinal Peptides 144
SECRETIN 144
INTESTINAL SOMATOSTATIN 149
VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL POLYPEPTIDE AND RELATED PEPTIDES 149
NEUROTENSIN 153
NEUROPEPTIDE Y 157
MOTILIN 160
PEPTIDE YY 163
REFERENCES 171
6 Gastrointestinal Peptide Hormones Regulating Energy and Glucose Homeostasis 184
PROGLUCAGON GENE STRUCTURE AND THE PROGLUCAGON-DERIVED PEPTIDES 184
PROGLUCAGON-DERIVED PEPTIDE METABOLISM AND CLEARANCE 187
GLUCAGON RECEPTOR FAMILY 188
GLUCAGON RECEPTOR 188
GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 RECEPTOR 188
GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-2 RECEPTOR 189
GLUCOSE-DEPENDENT INSULINOTROPIC POLYPEPTIDE RECEPTOR 189
BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS OF GLUCAGON 189
GLUCAGON ADMINISTRATION IN HUMAN SUBJECTS 190
BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS OF GLICENTIN 190
OXYNTOMODULIN 190
BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS OF GLUCAGONLIKE PEPTIDE-1 190
GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 RECEPTOR AGONISTS AND THE TREATMENT OF TYPE 2 DIABETES 192
ENHANCING INCRETIN ACTION VIA INHIBITION OF DIPEPTIDYL PEPTIDASE-IV 193
BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS OF GLUCAGONLIKE PEPTIDE-2 193
GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-2 ADMINISTRATION TO HUMAN SUBJECTS 194
GLUCOSE-DEPENDENT INSULINOTROPIC POLYPEPTIDE 194
REFERENCES 196
7 Growth Factors in the Gastrointestinal Tract 206
INTRODUCTION 207
TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-ß FAMILY OF PEPTIDES AND RECEPTORS 209
EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR FAMILY OF PEPTIDES AND RECEPTORS 216
INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTORS 228
TREFOIL FACTOR FAMILY OF PEPTIDES 232
HEPATOCYTE GROWTH FACTOR 236
FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR FAMILY 239
REFERENCES 244
8 Developmental Signaling Networks 270
HISTORY 271
Wnt/ß-CATENIN PATHWAY 272
NONCANONICAL WNT SIGNALING PATHWAYS 283
WNT/ß-CATENIN PATHWAY IN GASTROINTESTINAL PHYSIOLOGY 283
WNT/ß-CATENIN PATHWAY DEFECTS IN GASTROINTESTINAL TUMORS 284
REFERENCES 287
9 Hedgehog Signaling in Gastrointestinal Morphogenesis and Morphostasis 294
PATTERNING 294
THE HEDGEHOG PATHWAY 295
ROLE OF HEDGEHOG SIGNALING IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE GUT 298
HEDGEHOG SIGNALING IN HOMEOSTASIS OF THE ADULT GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT 302
HEDGEHOG SIGNALING AND CARCINOGENESIS OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT 305
FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS 306
REFERENCES 306
10 Developmental Signaling Networks: The Notch Pathway 310
OVERVIEW OF NOTCH SIGNALING 310
STRUCTURE OF THE NOTCH RECEPTORS 311
STRUCTURE OF THE NOTCH LIGANDS 312
THE NOTCH SIGNALING PATHWAY 313
INTERACTIONS OF NOTCH WITH OTHER SIGNALING NETWORKS 317
NOTCH SIGNALING IN THE GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM 318
FUTURE DIRECTIONS 325
REFERENCES 325
11 Physiology of Gastrointestinal Stem Cells 330
WHAT IS A STEM CELL? 331
ORGANIZATION OF STRUCTURAL/PROLIFERATIVE UNITS IN THE GASTROINTESTINAL EPITHELIUM 331
MORPHOGENESIS OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL PROLIFERATIVE UNITS 332
CLONALITY OF THE STRUCTURAL/PROLIFERATIVE UNIT 333
STEM CELL NUMBER AND HIERARCHY 336
THE STEM CELL NICHE 338
REGULATION OF STEM CELL FUNCTION 339
STEM CELL PLASTICITY 358
CONCLUSION 359
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 359
REFERENCES 359
12 Apoptosis in the Gastrointestinal Tract 368
CELL DEATH 368
INTESTINAL EPITHELIA: IN VIVO STUDIES 372
INTESTINAL CELLS: IN VITRO STUDIES 381
GASTRIC MUCOSA 387
CONCLUSION 389
REFERENCES 389
13 Molecular Aspects and Regulation of Gastrointestinal Function during Postnatal Development 398
ONTOGENY OF SECRETORY FUNCTION 399
ONTOGENY OF DIGESTIVE FUNCTION 400
ONTOGENY OF INTESTINAL TRANSPORT 402
ONTOGENY OF TRANSPORT FUNCTION ALONG THE VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL GUT AXES 414
DEVELOPMENTAL REGULATION OF GASTROINTESTINAL FUNCTION 415
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 417
REFERENCES 417
14 Effect of Aging on the Gastrointestinal Tract 428
THE AGING ESOPHAGUS 429
THE AGING STOMACH 430
THE AGING INTESTINE 434
AGING AND GASTROINTESTINAL CANCERS 437
REGULATION OF MUCOSAL GROWTH DURING AGING 443
AGING AND SURGERY OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT 446
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 448
REFERENCES 448
15 Regulation of Gastrointestinal Normal Cell Growth 458
OVERVIEW 458
ORGANIZATION OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL MUCOSA 459
CELL CYCLE REGULATION 460
APOPTOSIS 460
SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS REGULATING GASTROINTESTINAL DIFFERENTIATION AND GROWTH 463
GROWTH REGULATION BY LUMINAL NUTRIENTS AND SECRETIONS 472
GROWTH REGULATION BY SMALL PEPTIDE HORMONES AND THEIR RECEPTORS 474
FUTURE PERSPECTIVES/CLINICAL APPLICATIONS REFERENCES 476
16 Mucosal Repair and Restitution 482
OVERVIEW OF PROCESS 483
REGULATION OF EPITHELIAL WOUND HEALING BY EXTRACELLULAR SIGNALS 485
INTRACELLULAR PATHWAYS COORDINATING MIGRATION 488
METHODOLOGIES FOR STUDYING GASTROINTESTINAL CELL MIGRATION 490
RELATION OF ALTERED MIGRATION TO DISEASE 492
FUTURE CHALLENGES 493
REFERENCES 493
17 Mechanisms of Gastrointestinal Malignancies 500
PRINCIPLES OF ONCOGENESIS 500
CARDINAL FEATURES OF GASTROINTESTINAL CANCERS 504
GENETIC INSTABILITY 508
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 515
REFERENCES 515
18 Development of the Enteric Nervous System 522
ORIGINS OF THE ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM 524
CREST-DERIVED STEM CELLS ARE PRESENT IN THE DEVELOPING AND MATURE BOWEL 525
DEFECTS IN EARLY-ACTING FACTORS CAUSE EXTENSIVE AND VISIBLE ABNORMALITIES: HIRSCHSPRUNG'S DISEASE 526
DEFECTS IN LATE-ACTING FACTORS CAUSE RESTRICTED LESIONS OF THE ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM 530
OTHER FACTORS IN ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT 534
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 537
REFERENCES 537
19 Cellular Physiology of Gastrointestinal Smooth Muscle 546
SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION IN SMOOTH MUSCLE OF THE GUT 547
SIGNALING PATHWAYS FOR CONTRACTION 547
SIGNALING PATHWAYS FOR RELAXATION 550
CROSS-REGULATION: THE INTERPLAY OF SIGNALS IN A CHEMICAL PLAYGROUND 553
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 554
REFERENCES 554
20 Organization and Electrophysiology of Interstitial Cells of Cajal and Smooth Muscle Cells in the Gastrointestinal Tract 556
ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY IN GASTROINTESTINAL MUSCLES 557
ROLE OF INTERSTITIAL CELLS OF CAJAL IN SPONTANEOUS ELECTRICAL RHYTHMICITY 558
ROLE OF INTERSTITIAL CELLS OF CAJAL IN NEUROTRANSMISSION 569
ROLE OF INTERSTITIAL CELLS OF CAJAL AS STRETCH RECEPTORS 571
MOTILITY DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH LOSS OF INTERSTITIAL CELLS OF CAJAL 572
ANIMAL MODELS TO STUDY LOSS OF INTERSTITIAL CELLS OF CAJAL 572
SMOOTH MUSCLE RESPONSES TO SLOW WAVES AND NEURAL INPUTS 573
INTEGRATION OF ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY IN GASTROINTESTINAL MUSCLES 592
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 592
REFERENCES 592
21 Functional Histoanatomy of the Enteric Nervous System 600
OVERVIEW 600
INTRINSIC INNERVATION OF THE GUT WALL 605
EXTRINSIC INNERVATION OF THE GUT WALL 614
EXTRINSIC SENSORY NERVE ENDINGS 615
HEIRARCHIES OF NEUROCHEMICALS 617
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 618
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 618
REFERENCES 618
22 Physiology of Prevertebral Sympathetic Ganglia 626
OVERVIEW 626
MORPHOLOGY 628
INNERVATION OF PREVERTEBRAL GANGLIA 630
CHEMICAL CODING OF PREVERTEBRAL GANGLION NEURONS 633
CHEMICAL CODING OF NERVE FIBERS IN PREVERTEBRAL GANGLIA 634
ORGANIZATION OF SYMPATHETIC MOTOR INNERVATION TO THE GUT 634
TARGETS IN THE GUT OF SYMPATHETIC NEURONS IN PREVERTEBRAL AND PELVIC GANGLIA 637
VISCERAL AFFERENT NEURONS 637
MORPHOLOGY OF VISCEROFUGAL NEURONS 639
CHEMICAL CODING OF VISCEROFUGAL NEURONS 642
POPULATIONS OF MECHANOSENSORY VISCEROFUGAL NEURONS ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY OF PREVERTEBRAL GANGLION NEURONS 643
PACEMAKER NEURONS 645
CONCLUDING REMARKS 646
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 646
REFERENCES 647
23 Cellular Neurophysiology of Enteric Neurons 652
THE ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM 652
AH- AND S-TYPE ENTERIC NEURONS 665
SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION 669
REFERENCES 680
24 Integrative Functions of the Enteric Nervous System 688
INTEGRATED CONTROL OF THE STOMACH 689
INTEGRATED CONTROL OF THE SMALL AND LARGE INTESTINES 692
PLASTICITY IN THE ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM 697
INTEGRATED CONTROL OF THE ANAL CANAL AND PELVIC FLOOR 701
INTEGRATIVE MECHANISMS FOR DEFECATION 704
EPILOGUE 705
REFERENCES 705
25 Extrinsic Sensory Afferent Nerves Innervating the Gastrointestinal Tract 708
DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS 708
ANATOMY OF EXTRINSIC AFFERENT FIBERS 710
NEUROPHYSIOLOGY OF EXTRINSIC GASTROINTESTINAL AFFERENTS 715
GASTROINTESTINAL EXTRINSIC AFFERENT NERVES: INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 729
CONCLUSION 739
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 739
REFERENCES 739
26 Processing of Gastrointestinal Sensory Signals in the Brain 750
NEUROANATOMIC REPRESENTATION OF GASTROINTESTINAL SENSATION 750
FUNCTIONAL BRAIN IMAGING 753
AN INTEGRATED VIEW OF GASTROINTESTINAL SENSORY PROCESSING IN THE BRAIN 757
REFERENCES 758
27 Enteric Neural Regulation of Mucosal Secretion 760
REFLEX MODULATION OF ENDOGENOUS "SECRETORY TONE" 761
FUNCTIONAL NEUROANATOMY OF SECRETORY REFLEXES 761
SENSORY ENTEROCHROMAFFIN/BON CELLS 764
SECRETORY REFLEXES 771
MEDIATORS OF SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION IN SECRETORY REFLEXES 777
COORDINATION OF SECRETION AND MOTILITY 778
CYCLIC ADENOSINE MONOPHOSPHATE SIGNALING AND SECRETION 779
PATHOBIOLOGY OF REFLEX-DRIVEN INTESTINAL SECRETION 781
REFERENCES 784
28 Effect of Stress on Intestinal Mucosal Function 786
MUCOSAL BARRIER FUNCTION 786
STRESS CONCEPTS 789
STRESS-INDUCED CHANGES IN MUCOSAL FUNCTION IN HUMANS 790
STRESS-INDUCED CHANGES IN MUCOSAL FUNCTION IN ANIMALS 791
RELEVANCE FOR HUMAN INTESTINAL DISEASES 798
CONCLUSION 799
REFERENCES 799
29 Effect of Stress on Gastrointestinal Motility 804
EFFECTS OF STRESS ON GASTROINTESTINAL MOTILITY 805
CENTRAL CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING FACTOR RECEPTORS AND STRESS- RELATED GASTROINTESTINAL MOTOR DISTURBANCES 806
AUTONOMIC DYSFUNCTION 807
PERIPHERAL CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING FACTOR RECEPTORS INVOLVED IN STRESS-INDUCED COLONIC MOTOR ALTERATIONS 808
EFFECTS OF STRESS ON VISCERAL PERCEPTION 808
ROLE OF CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING FACTOR RECEPTORS IN STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERALGESIA 809
SEX DIFFERENCE IN STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY 809
CONCLUSION 809
REFERENCES 810
30 Central Corticotropin-Releasing Factor and the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis in Gastrointestinal Physiology 814
HISTORICAL CONSIDERATIONS 814
CHEMISTRY OF THE HYPOTHALAMICPITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS 815
BRAIN DISTRIBUTION OF CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING FACTOR LIGANDS AND RECEPTORS 818
CENTRAL ACTION OF CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING FACTOR PEPTIDES TO INFLUENCE GASTRIC FUNCTION 820
CENTRAL ACTIONS OF CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING FACTOR PEPTIDES TO INFLUENCE SMALL INTESTINAL FUNCTION 825
CENTRAL ACTIONS OF CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING FACTOR PEPTIDES TO INFLUENCE COLONIC FUNCTION 827
CONCLUSION 832
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 832
REFERENCES 832
31 Neural Regulation of Gastrointestinal Blood Flow 840
PHYSIOLOGIC RELEVANCE OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL CIRCULATION 840
ORGANIZATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL CIRCULATION 840
INNERVATION OF GASTROINTESTINAL BLOOD VESSELS 842
FUNCTIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF VASOMOTOR NEURONS IN THE REGULATION OF GASTROINTESTINAL BLOOD FLOW 843
INTERACTIVE CONTROL OF GASTROINTESTINAL CIRCULATION 853
SUMMARY 855
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 855
REFERENCES 855
32 Neural Control of the Gallbladder and Sphincter of Oddi 864
GALLBLADDER 864
SPHINCTER OF ODDI 868
REFERENCES 870
33 Brainstem Control of Gastric Function 874
EFFERENT AUTONOMIC OVERLAY 875
VISCERAL AFFERENT INPUTS TO BRAINSTEM REFLEX CONTROL CIRCUITS 877
REFLEX ACTIONS TRIGGERED BY VISCERAL AFFERENT INPUTS 878
COMPONENTS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF VAGO-VAGAL GASTRIC CONTROL REFLEXES 879
SUMMARY 892
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 892
REFERENCES 892
34 Neural and Hormonal Controls of Food Intake and Satiety 900
FOOD INTAKE AND ENERGY BALANCE METABOLIC SIGNALS AND THEIR MEDIATION 900
WITHIN-MEAL FEEDBACK SIGNALING 904
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN GUT PEPTIDE AND HYPOTHALAMIC SIGNALING 910
SUMMARY 911
REFERENCES 911
35 Pharyngeal Motor Function 918
PHARYNGEAL MOTOR FUNCTION DURING DEGLUTITION 918
PRESSURE PROFILE OF THE PHARYNX 919
PHARYNGEAL PRESSURE PHENOMENON IN RELATION TO SWALLOWED MATERIAL 921
DEGLUTITIVE LARYNGEAL MOTOR FUNCTION 923
UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER AND ITS PRESSURE PHENOMENA 925
OPENING OF THE UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER 926
UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER, PHARYNGOLARYNGEAL, AND ESOPHAGEAL REFLEXES 927
ESOPHAGOGLOTTAL CLOSURE REFLEX 927
PHARYNGEAL (SECONDARY) SWALLOW 928
CEREBRAL CORTICAL REPRESENTATION OF PHARYNGEAL/REFLEXIVE AND VOLITIONAL SWALLOW IN HUMANS 929
PHARYNGO-UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER CONTRACTILE REFLEX 930
PHARYNGOGLOTTAL ADDUCTION REFLEX 931
LARYNGO-UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER CONTRACTILE REFLEX 931
PHARYNGEAL INHIBITORY REFLEXES 931
MECHANISMS OF AIRWAY PROTECTION DURING BELCHING 932
REFERENCES 933
36 Motor Function of the Esophagus 936
OVERVIEW 936
NEUROMUSCULAR ANATOMY 936
INNERVATION 937
COORDINATED MOTOR EVENTS 939
REFERENCES 946
37 Neurophysiologic Mechanisms of Gastric Reservoir Function 950
FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY 950
DIFFERENT PHASES OF GASTRIC MOTILITY 950
MEASUREMENT OF GASTRIC RESERVOIR FUNCTION 951
CONTROL OF THE ACCOMMODATION REFLEX 952
PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC ROLE OF IMPAIRED ACCOMMODATION 954
CONCLUSION 954
REFERENCES 955
38 Small Intestinal Motility 958
ANATOMIC AND FUNCTIONAL CONSIDERATIONS 958
SMALL INTESTINAL TRANSIT 959
SPECIALIZED SMALL INTESTINAL CELL TYPES 959
COUPLING OF SMALL INTESTINAL CONTRACTIONS 963
CONTROL OF SMALL INTESTINAL PERISTALSIS 964
STEREOTYPICAL SMALL INTESTINAL MOTOR PATTERNS 966
EXTENDED REFLEXES INVOLVING THE SMALL INTESTINE 974
EXTERNAL INFLUENCES ON SMALL INTESTINAL MOTOR ACTIVITY 976
REFERENCES 979
39 Function and Regulation of Colonic Contractions in Health and Disease 988
FUNCTION AND SPATIOTEMPORAL CHARACTERISTICS OF COLONIC CONTRACTIONS 989
CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR REGULATION OF COLONIC CONTRACTIONS 992
COLONIC MOTOR DYSFUNCTION 1005
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 1010
REFERENCES 1010
40 Neural Control of Pelvic Floor Muscles 1018
INNERVATION OF PELVIC FLOOR MUSCLES 1018
PELVIC FLOOR MUSCLE ACTIVITY 1022
PELVIC FLOOR MUSCLES AND PELVIC ORGAN FUNCTION 1026
PELVIC FLOOR MUSCLES AND NEUROLOGIC LESIONS 1028
REFERENCES 1029
41 Pathophysiology Underlying the Irritable Bowel Syndrome 1032
NEUROPATHY IN THE BRAIN-IN-THE-GUT 1032
NEUROGENIC SECRETION: DIARRHEA AND CONSTIPATION 1036
ABDOMINAL PAIN AND DISCOMFORT 1038
PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS 1045
REFERENCES 1050
Volume 1 Index 1056
Volume 2 1082
Volume 2 Contents 1087
Volume 2 Contributors 1093
Volume 2 Preface to the First Edition 1101
Volume 2 Preface 1103
Volume 2 Acknowledgments 1104
42 Innate Immunity 1105
SENSOR MOLECULES 1106
EFFECTOR MOLECULES 1121
REFERENCES 1129
43 Biology of Gut Immunoglobulins 1139
SECRETORY IMMUNOGLOBULIN A AND THE POLYMERIC IMMUNOGLOBULIN RECEPTOR 1140
IMMUNOGLOBULIN G AND THE NEONATAL Fc RECEPTOR FcRn 1149
IMMUNOGLOBULIN E 1154
CONCLUDING REMARKS 1157
REFERENCES 1157
44 Mechanisms of Helicobacter pylori-Induced Gastric Inflammation 1163
COLONIZATION OF THE GASTRIC MUCOSA 1164
EVASION OF THE HOST IMMUNE RESPONSE BY HELICOBACTER PYLORI 1166
DEVELOPMENT OF GASTRITIS 1167
HELICOBACTER PYLORI STRAIN VARIATION, GASTRIC INFLAMMATION, AND DISEASE 1171
HUMAN GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS THAT INFLUENCE THE PROPENSITY TOWARD DEVELOPMENT OF DISEASE 1176
CONCLUSION 1178
REFERENCES 1178
45 Mechanisms and Consequences of Intestinal Inflammation 1187
INTESTINAL INFLAMMATION 1187
EFFECTS OF INFLAMMATION ON INTESTINAL FUNCTION 1196
SUMMARY 1202
REFERENCES 1202
46 Recruitment of Inflammatory and Immune Cells in the Gut: Physiology and Pathophysiology 1209
ADHESION MOLECULES 1210
REGULATION OF BLOOD CELL-ENDOTHELIAL CELL INTERACTIONS IN NONLYMPHOID TISSUES 1215
GUT-ASSOCIATED LYMPHOID TISSUE AND INTESTINAL IMMUNITY 1220
LYMPHOCYTE HOMING AND ACTIVATION IN GUT-ASSOCIATED LYMPHOID TISSUE 1221
LEUKOCYTE MOVEMENT THROUGH THE INTERSTITIUM 1223
LEUKOCYTE TRAFFICKING DURING ACUTE INFLAMMATION 1225
LEUKOCYTE TRAFFICKING DURING CHRONIC GUT INFLAMMATION 1227
REFERENCES 1229
47 Physiology of Host-Pathogen Interactions 1235
TOXIN-MEDIATED EFFECTS ON ION SECRETION 1237
ABSORPTION: ENTEROPATHOGENIC 1243
INDIRECT EFFECTS ON ION SECRETION 1244
CYCLOOXYGENASE-2/NITRIC OXIDE/PROSTAGLANDIN E-MEDIATED Cl- SECRETION 1244
BARRIER FUNCTION AND CYTOTOXICITY 1245
INFECTION-MEDIATED BARRIER CHANGES 1250
SUMMARY 1254
REFERENCES 1254
48 The Cell Biology of Gastric Acid Secretion 1261
MORPHOLOGIC BASIS OF HYDROCHLORIC ACID SECRETION 1261
CELLULAR BASIS OF HYDROCHLORIC ACID SECRETION 1266
TRANSPORT AT THE BASOLATERAL MEMBRANE 1275
GETTING THE MESSAGE TO THE PARIETAL CELL 1277
SUPPORTING MEMBRANE TRANSFORMATIONS: THE VESICULAR TRAFFICKING MACHINERY 1281
REFERENCES 1288
49 Regulation of Gastric Acid Secretion 1295
FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY 1295
REGULATION OF GASTRIC ACID SECRETION 1297
DISORDERS OF GASTRIC ACID SECRETION 1318
REFERENCES 1319
50 Gastroduodenal Mucosal Defense 1331
JUXTAMUCOSAL ENVIRONMENT AND PREEPITHELIAL DEFENSES 1332
GASTRODUODENAL EPITHELIAL LAYER 1336
SUBEPITHELIAL DEFENSE: GASTRODUODENAL MUCOSAL BLOOD FLOW, NEURAL SENSORS AND EFFECTORS, AND CHEMICAL MEDIATORS 1345
INJURY AND RESTITUTION 1351
ANIMAL MODELS OF GASTRODUODENAL INJURY 1353
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 1354
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1354
REFERENCES 1354
51 Genetically Engineered Mouse Models of Gastric Physiology 1365
GENETIC ENGINEERING IN THE MOUSE 1365
OVERVIEW OF GASTRIC ACID SECRETION 1368
MICE WITH ACID REGULATORY MUTATIONS 1370
PARIETAL CELL CHANNEL AND TRANSPORTER MUTANTS 1376
OTHER GASTRIC MUTANTS 1378
TRANSGENE EXPRESSION IN THE GASTRIC MUCOSA 1378
CONCLUSION 1380
REFERENCES 1381
52 Structure-Function Relations in the Pancreatic Acinar Cell 1385
ORGANIZATION OF THE EXOCRINE PANCREAS 1385
PANCREATIC DEVELOPMENT 1386
STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION 1388
FUNCTIONAL RESPONSES OF THE ACINAR CELL: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, VECTORIAL TRANSPORT, MODIFICATIONS, AND SORTING 1391
CELL SIGNALING 1398
SECRETION 1402
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1406
REFERENCES 1406
53 Stimulus-Secretion Coupling in Pancreatic Acinar Cells 1409
RECEPTORS 1410
TRANSMEMBRANE SIGNALING 1410
INTRACELLULAR MESSENGERS 1411
INTRACELLULAR MESSENGER-INDUCED SECRETION 1425
ACTION OF INTRACELLULAR MESSENGERS 1426
MECHANISMS OF EXOCYTOSIS 1430
REFERENCES 1434
54 Cell Physiology of Pancreatic Ducts 1443
PATTERNS OF PANCREATIC ELECTROLYTE SECRETION 1443
STRUCTURAL BASIS OF SECRETION 1444
ADVANCES IN STUDYING DUCT CELL PHYSIOLOGY 1447
MECHANISMS OF DUCTAL ELECTROLYTE SECRETION 1450
REGULATION OF DUCTAL SECRETION 1457
CONCLUDING REMARKS 1463
REFERENCES 1463
55 Regulation of Pancreatic Secretion 1469
PATTERNS OF SECRETION 1469
PHASES OF THE MEAL RESPONSE 1472
NEURAL AND HORMONAL REGULATORS 1476
INHIBITION OF PANCREATIC SECRETION 1492
PANCREATIC FUNCTION TESTING 1495
REFERENCES 1496
56 Bile Formation and the Enterohepatic Circulation 1509
BIOSYNTHESIS, CHEMISTRY, AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY OF BILE ACIDS 1510
ENTEROHEPATIC CIRCULATION 1516
BILE SECRETION AND HEPATIC BILE ACID TRANSPORT 1518
CONCENTRATION OF BILE IN THE GALLBLADDER 1522
OVERVIEW OF INTESTINAL ABSORPTION OF BILE ACIDS 1523
FUNCTIONS AND DYSFUNCTIONS OF BILE ACIDS IN THE INTESTINE 1526
THERAPEUTIC USES OF BILE ACID AGONISTS AND ANTAGONISTS IN CLINICAL MEDICINE 1527
REFERENCES 1528
57 Mechanisms of Hepatocyte Organic Anion Transport 1535
MECHANISMS OF NONBILE ACID ORGANIC ANION UPTAKE 1535
MECHANISMS OF BILE ACID UPTAKE 1540
ORGANIC ANION EXCRETION ACROSS THE BILE CANALICULUS 1543
SUMMARY 1547
REFERENCES 1547
58 Mechanisms of Hepatocyte Detoxification 1555
OVERVIEW 1555
METABOLISM AND EXCRETION 1556
PROTECTION FROM DAMAGE 1564
SUMMARY 1573
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1573
REFERENCES 1573
59 Physiology of Cholangiocytes 1577
ARCHITECTURE AND PHENOTYPIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE INTRAHEPATIC BILIARY DUCTAL SYSTEM (BRIEF OVERVIEW) 1578
MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY OF DUCTAL BILE FORMATION 1580
INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING 1585
REGULATION OF DUCTAL BILE FORMATION 1587
INTEGRATED MODEL OF DUCTAL BILE FORMATION 1596
CONCLUDING REMARKS 1597
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1597
REFERENCES 1597
60 Gallbladder Function 1607
GALLBLADDER MORPHOLOGY 1608
TECHNIQUES TO STUDY GALLBLADDER FUNCTION 1608
ELECTROLYTE AND WATER TRANSPORT 1609
BILIARY CHOLESTEROL ABSORPTION 1616
BILIRUBIN AND XENOBIOTIC TRANSPORT 1620
BILE SALT TRANSPORT 1621
TRANSPORT OF AMINO ACIDS AND SUGARS 1621
MUCINS 1621
PROTEIN ABSORPTION AND SECRETION 1623
BACTERIAL INFECTION, INFLAMMATION, AND GALLBLADDER FUNCTION 1623
SUMMARY 1625
REFERENCES 1625
61 Tight Junctions and the Intestinal Barrier 1631
INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC ELEMENTS OF THE BARRIER 1632
INTESTINAL EPITHELIAL BARRIER AND TRANSCELLULAR AND PARACELLULAR TRANSPORT 1632
PROTEIN COMPONENTS OF THE TIGHT JUNCTION 1637
REGULATION OF INTESTINAL EPITHELIAL TIGHT JUNCTION BARRIER 1640
CLINICAL DISORDERS OF INTESTINAL TIGHT JUNCTION BARRIER DEFECT 1654
REFERENCES 1658
62 Protein Sorting in the Exocytic and Endocytic Pathways in Polarized Epithelial Cells 1667
CYTOARCHITECTURE OF THE POLARIZED EPITHELIAL CELL 1667
CELL BIOLOGY TOOLKIT 1672
MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF POLARIZED TRAFFIC 1672
CONCLUSION 1690
REFERENCES 1691
63 Physiology of the Circulation of the Small Intestine 1699
INTESTINAL MICROVASCULAR ANATOMY 1699
FACTORS THAT GENERATE VASOCONSTRICTION 1702
FACTORS THAT GENERATE VASODILATION 1706
POSTPRANDIAL HYPEREMIA 1712
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1719
REFERENCES 1719
64 Sugar Absorption 1725
OVERVIEW 1726
SGLT GENE FAMILY 1726
GLUT GENE FAMILY 1726
ABSORPTION OF GLUCOSE, GALACTOSE, AND FRUCTOSE 1726
SGLT1, GLUT2, AND GLUT5 ARE THE MAJOR INTESTINAL SUGAR TRANSPORTERS 1728
SGLT1 SUGAR SELECTIVITY 1728
GLUT SUGAR SELECTIVITY 1729
SGLT1 CATION SELECTIVITY 1729
TRANSPORT KINETICS 1730
GENETIC DEFECTS OF SUGAR ABSORPTION 1734
REGULATION OF SUGAR ABSORPTION 1735
FUTURE DIRECTIONS 1735
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1735
REFERENCES 1736
65 Protein Digestion and Absorption 1739
OVERVIEW 1740
ROLE OF GASTRIC AND PANCREATIC PROTEASES IN PROTEIN DIGESTION 1740
ROLE OF MEMBRANE-BOUND AND CYTOPLASMIC PEPTIDASES IN THE ENTEROCYTE IN PROTEIN DIGESTION 1741
SITES OF PROTEIN ABSORPTION 1741
GENERATION OF DRIVING FORCES FOR ACTIVE TRANSPORT SYSTEMS IN THE ENTEROCYTE 1742
ENTRY OF PROTEIN DIGESTION PRODUCTS INTO THE ENTEROCYTE ACROSS THE BRUSH-BORDER MEMBRANE 1743
FATE OF ABSORBED AMINO ACIDS AND PEPTIDES IN THE ENTEROCYTE 1749
EXIT OF PROTEIN DIGESTION END PRODUCTS ACROSS THE BASOLATERAL MEMBRANE 1749
TRANSPORT OF GLUTATHIONE IN THE SMALL INTESTINE 1753
GENETIC DISORDERS OF INTESTINAL AMINO ACID AND PEPTIDE TRANSPORT 1753
NUTRITIONAL, CLINICAL, AND PHARMACOLOGIC RELEVANCE OF INTESTINAL PEPTIDE TRANSPORT 1755
REGULATION OF INTESTINAL AMINO ACID AND PEPTIDE TRANSPORT 1756
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES 1758
REFERENCES 1759
66 Role of Membrane and Cytosolic Fatty Acid Binding Proteins in Lipid Processing by the Small Intestine 1765
CELLULAR FATTY ACID UPTAKE 1765
FATTY ACID DELIVERY TO CELLS 1766
FACILITATED MEMBRANE TRANSFER OF FATTY ACIDS 1766
FATTY ACID UPTAKE BY ENTEROCYTES 1767
PROTEINS IMPLICATED IN FATTY ACID TRANSPORT THAT ARE EXPRESSED IN ENTEROCYTES 1768
INTRACELLULAR FATTY ACID TRANSPORT 1771
FATTY ACID-BINDING PROTEINS 1772
FUTURE DIRECTIONS 1776
REFERENCES 1776
67 Genetic Regulation of Intestinal Lipid Transport and Metabolism 1783
OVERVIEW 1783
MAJOR PATHWAYS AND GENES INVOLVED IN INTESTINAL TRIGLYCERIDE-RICH LIPOPROTEIN ASSEMBLY 1784
GENETIC DEFECTS IN APOB AND MTTP 1789
APOLIPOPROTEIN B MESSENGER RNA EDITING: OVERVIEW, MOLECULAR MECHANISMS, AND FUNCTIONAL RELEVANCE 1793
OTHER GENES INVOLVED IN INTESTINAL LIPOPROTEIN BIOGENESIS: APOLIPOPROTEINS A-I AND A-IV 1795
MAJOR PATHWAYS AND GENES INVOLVED IN INTESTINAL STEROL TRANSPORT 1796
OTHER GENETIC DEFECTS OF INTESTINAL LIPOPROTEIN ASSEMBLY AND SECRETION AND POTENTIAL NEW PATHWAYS 1800
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1801
REFERENCES 1801
68 Digestion and Intestinal Absorption of Dietary Carotenoids and Vitamin A 1807
CAROTENOID AND VITAMIN A METABOLISM: OVERVIEW 1807
DIETARY SOURCES AND FORMS 1809
SOLUBILIZATION OF CAROTENOIDS AND RETINOIDS 1810
CONVERSION OF PROVITAMIN A CAROTENOIDS TO RETINOIDS 1811
DIGESTION OF RETINYL ESTERS 1812
INTESTINAL ABSORPTION OF CAROTENOIDS 1813
INTESTINAL ABSORPTION OF VITAMIN A 1816
SUMMARY 1819
REFERENCES 1820
69 Vitamin D3: Synthesis, Actions, and Mechanisms in the Intestine and Colon 1825
OVERVIEW OF VITAMIN D PRODUCTION AND PHYSIOLOGY 1826
MOLECULAR MECHANISM OF ACTION OF 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D 1828
TRANSPORT OF CALCIUM ACROSS THE INTESTINAL EPITHELIUM 1833
REGULATION OF CALCIUM TRANSPORTER EXPRESSION BY 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D 1835
VITAMIN D THERAPEUTICS AND THE CALCEMIC SIDE EFFECTS 1837
VITAMIN D ACTIONS IN THE COLON: ANTICARCINOGENIC ACTIONS AND A NEW VITAMIN D RECEPTOR LIGAND 1837
SUMMARY 1838
REFERENCES 1839
70 Vitamin E and Vitamin K Metabolism 1845
VITAMIN E 1845
VITAMIN K 1853
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1857
REFERENCES 1857
71 Intestinal Absorption of Water-Soluble Vitamins 1863
FOLATE 1864
THIAMIN (VITAMIN B1) 1869
BIOTIN (VITAMIN H) 1874
VITAMIN C (ASCORBIC AND DEHYDROASCORBIC ACIDS) 1879
VITAMIN B6 1881
RIBOFLAVIN (VITAMIN B2) 1883
NIACIN (NICOTINIC ACID VITAMIN B3)
PANTOTHENIC ACID 1884
COBALAMIN (VITAMIN B12) 1885
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1891
REFERENCES 1891
72 Water Transport in the Gastrointestinal Tract 1899
EPITHELIAL FLUID-TRANSPORTING MECHANISMS 1900
AQUAPORINS 1904
FLUID TRANSPORT MECHANISMS AND AQUAPORINS IN GASTROINTESTINAL ORGANS 1907
SUMMARY AND PERSPECTIVE REFERENCES 1913
73 Na+-H+ Exchange in Mammalian Digestive Tract 1919
OVERVIEW 1919
MAMMALIAN NA+-H+ EXCHANGER GENE FAMILY 1920
GASTROINTESTINAL NA+-H+ EXCHANGERS 1927
PHYSIOLOGIC ROLES OF NA+-H+ EXCHANGE IN THE DIGESTIVE TRACT 1938
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1945
REFERENCES 1945
74 Intestinal Anion Absorption 1953
MECHANISMS OF INTESTINAL SULFATE ABSORPTION 1953
MECHANISMS OF INTESTINAL Cl- ABSORPTION 1954
MECHANISMS OF SHORT-CHAIN FATTY ACID ABSORPTION 1973
CONCLUSION 1979
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1980
REFERENCES 1980
75 Ion Channels of the Epithelia of the Gastrointestinal Tract 1989
CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE REGULATOR IN CHLORIDE TRANSPORT IN THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT 1990
CALCIUM-ACTIVATED CHLORIDE CHANNELS 1991
CIC FAMILY OF CHLORIDE CHANNELS 1991
SUMMARY 1992
EPITHELIAL SODIUM CHANNEL 1992
POTASSIUM CHANNELS 1992
HUMAN TISSUES AND HUMAN CELL MODELS: SPECIES DIFFERENCES 1994
METHODS FOR STUDY OF ION CHANNELS IN GASTROINTESTINAL TISSUES 1994
SUMMARY 1997
REFERENCES 1997
76 Integrative Physiology and Pathophysiology of Intestinal Electrolyte Transport 2003
REGULATION OF INTESTINAL ION TRANSPORT AT THE CELLULAR LEVEL 2004
REGULATION OF INTESTINAL ION TRANSPORT AT THE TISSUE LEVEL 2011
ADAPTIVE AND MALADAPTIVE ALTERATIONS OF ION TRANSPORT IN DISEASE 2014
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 2016
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 2017
REFERENCES 2018
77 Molecular Mechanisms of Intestinal Transport of Calcium, Phosphate, and Magnesium 2025
RECOMMENDED NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR Ca2+, Mg2+, AND INORGANIC PHOSPHATE 2025
INTESTINAL CALCIUM TRANSPORT 2026
INTESTINAL TRANSPORT OF PHOSPHATE 2039
INTESTINAL TRANSPORT OF MAGNESIUM 2043
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 2047
REFERENCES 2047
78 Iron Absorption 2055
INTESTINAL IRON ABSORPTION 2055
PLASMA IRON TRAFFICKING 2057
SYSTEMIC IRON HOMEOSTASIS 2057
DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH ABNORMAL IRON ABSORPTION 2058
REFERENCES 2062
79 Trace Element Absorption and Transport 2065
GENERAL PROPERTIES OF TRACE ELEMENT ABSORPTION LUMENAL ENVIRONMENT AND TRACE ELEMENT ABSORPTION 2065
COPPER ABSORPTION 2067
ZINC ABSORPTION 2068
OTHER TRACE ELEMENTS 2070
REFERENCES 2070
Volume 2 Index 2073
Index 2073
Color Plates 1 1074
Color Plates 2 2091
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 10.5.2006 |
|---|---|
| Mitarbeit |
Chef-Herausgeber: Leonard R. Johnson |
| Sprache | englisch |
| Themenwelt | Sachbuch/Ratgeber |
| Medizin / Pharmazie ► Medizinische Fachgebiete ► Pharmakologie / Pharmakotherapie | |
| Studium ► 1. Studienabschnitt (Vorklinik) ► Physiologie | |
| Studium ► Querschnittsbereiche ► Infektiologie / Immunologie | |
| Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Humanbiologie | |
| Technik | |
| ISBN-10 | 0-08-045615-4 / 0080456154 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-0-08-045615-7 / 9780080456157 |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
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