Marine Propellers and Propulsion (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Marine Propellers and Propulsion, Second Edition 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 6
Preface to the second edition 12
Preface to the first edition 14
General nomenclature 16
Chapter 1 The early development of the screw propeller 24
Chapter 2 Propulsion systems 34
2.1 Fixed pitch propellers 36
2.2 Ducted propellers 38
2.3 Podded and azimuthing propulsors 40
2.4 Contra-rotating propellers 41
2.5 Overlapping propellers 42
2.6 Tandem propellers 42
2.7 Controllable pitch propellers 43
2.8 Waterjet propulsion 46
2.9 Cycloidal propellers 46
2.10 Paddle wheels 47
2.11 Magnetohydrodynamic propulsion 49
2.12 Superconducting motors for marine propulsion 51
Chapter 3 Propeller geometry 54
3.1 Frames of reference 56
3.2 Propeller reference lines 56
3.3 Pitch 57
3.4 Rake and skew 60
3.5 Propeller outlines and area 62
3.6 Propeller drawing methods 65
3.7 Section geometry and definition 65
3.8 Blade thickness distribution and thickness fraction 70
3.9 Blade interference limits for controllable pitch propellers 71
3.10 Controllable pitch propeller off-design section geometry 71
3.11 Miscellaneous conventional propeller geometry terminology 73
Chapter 4 The propeller environment 74
4.1 Density of water 76
4.2 Salinity 76
4.3 Water temperature 77
4.4 Viscosity 78
4.5 Vapour pressure 78
4.6 Dissolved gases in sea water 79
4.7 Surface tension 79
4.8 Weather 81
4.9 Silt and marine organisms 84
Chapter 5 The wake field 86
5.1 General wake field characteristics 88
5.2 Wake field definition 88
5.3 The nominal wake field 91
5.4 Estimation of wake field parameters 92
5.5 Effective wake field 94
5.6 Wake field scaling 97
5.7 Wake quality assessment 100
5.8 Wake field measurement 102
Chapter 6 Propeller performance characteristics 110
6.1 General open water characteristics 112
6.2 The effect of cavitation on open water characteristics 117
6.3 Propeller scale effects 118
6.4 Specific propeller open water characteristics 121
6.5 Standard series data 124
6.6 Multi-quadrant series data 141
6.7 Slipstream contraction and flow velocities in the wake 146
6.8 Behind-hull propeller characteristics 154
6.9 Propeller ventilation 155
Chapter 7 Theoretical methods – basic concepts 160
7.1 Basic aerofoil section characteristics 163
7.2 Vortex filaments and sheets 165
7.3 Field point velocities 167
7.4 The Kutta condition 169
7.5 The starting vortex 169
7.6 Thin aerofoil theory 170
7.7 Pressure distribution calculations 174
7.8 Boundary layer growth over an aerofoil 178
7.9 The finite wing 182
7.10 Models of propeller action 185
7.11 Source and vortex panel methods 187
Chapter 8 Theoretical methods – propeller theories 190
8.1 Momentum theory – Rankine (1865) R. E. Froude (1887)
8.2 Blade element theory – W. Froude (1878) 194
8.3 Propeller Theoretical development (1900–1930) 195
8.4 Burrill's analysis procedure (1944) 197
8.5 Lerbs analysis method (1952) 200
8.6 Eckhardt and Morgan's design method (1955) 205
8.7 Lifting surface correction factors – Morgan et al. 209
8.8 Lifting surface models 212
8.9 Lifting-line – lifting-surface hybrid models 215
8.10 Vortex lattice methods 215
8.11 Boundary element methods 220
8.12 Methods for specialist propulsors 221
8.13 Computational fluid dynamics methods 223
Chapter 9 Cavitation 228
9.1 The basic physics of cavitation 230
9.2 Types of cavitation experienced by propellers 235
9.3 Cavitation considerations in design 242
9.4 Cavitation inception 251
9.5 Cavitation-induced damage 256
9.6 Cavitation testing of propellers 258
9.7 Analysis of measured pressure data from a cavitating propeller 262
9.8 Propeller–rudder interaction 263
Chapter 10 Propeller noise 270
10.1 Physics of underwater sound 272
10.2 Nature of propeller noise 276
10.3 Noise scaling relationships 279
10.4 Noise prediction and control 281
10.5 Transverse propulsion unit noise 282
10.6 Measurement of radiated noise 283
Chapter 11 Propeller–ship interaction 286
11.1 Bearing forces 288
11.2 Hydrodynamic interaction 301
Chapter 12 Ship resistance and propulsion 308
12.1 Froude's analysis procedure 310
12.2 Components of calm water resistance 312
12.3 Methods of resistance evaluation 321
12.4 Propulsive coefficients 333
12.5 The influence of rough water 335
12.6 Restricted water effects 337
12.7 High-speed hull form resistance 337
12.8 Air resistance 339
Chapter 13 Thrust augmentation devices 342
13.1 Devices before the propeller 344
13.2 Devices at the propeller 347
13.3 Devices behind the propeller 350
13.4 Combinations of systems 351
Chapter 14 Transverse thrusters 354
14.1 Transverse thrusters 356
14.2 Steerable internal duct thrusters 363
Chapter 15 Azimuthing and podded propulsors 366
15.1 Azimuthing thrusters 368
15.2 Podded propulsors 369
Chapter 16 Waterjet propulsion 378
16.1 Basic principle of waterjet propulsion 380
16.2 Impeller types 382
16.3 Manoeuvring aspects of waterjets 383
16.4 Waterjet component design 384
Chapter 17 Full-scale trials 390
17.1 Power absorption measurements 392
17.2 Bollard pull trials 398
17.3 Propeller-induced hull surface pressure measurements 400
17.4 Cavitation observations 400
Chapter 18 Propeller materials 404
18.1 General properties of propeller materials 406
18.2 Specific properties of propeller materials 409
18.3 Mechanical properties 413
18.4 Test procedures 415
Chapter 19 Propeller blade strength 418
19.1 Cantilever beam method 420
19.2 Numerical blade stress computational methods 425
19.3 Detailed strength design considerations 428
19.4 Propeller backing stresses 431
19.5 Blade root fillet design 431
19.6 Residual blade stresses 432
19.7 Allowable design stresses 433
19.8 Full-scale blade strain measurement 436
Chapter 20 Propeller manufacture 440
20.1 Traditional manufacturing method 442
20.2 Changes to the traditional technique of manufacture 446
Chapter 21 Propeller blade vibration 448
21.1 Flat-plate blade vibration in air 450
21.2 Vibration of propeller blades in air 451
21.3 The effect of immersion in water 453
21.4 Simple estimation methods 453
21.5 Finite element analysis 454
21.6 Propeller blade damping 455
21.7 Propeller singing 456
Chapter 22 Propeller design 458
22.1 The design and analysis loop 460
22.2 Design constraints 461
22.3 The choice of propeller type 462
22.4 The propeller design basis 465
22.5 The use of standard series data in design 468
22.6 Design considerations 472
22.7 The design process 481
Chapter 23 Operational problems 488
23.1 Performance related problems 490
23.2 Propeller integrity related problems 495
23.3 Impact or grounding 497
Chapter 24 Service performance and analysis 500
24.1 Effects of weather 502
24.2 Hull roughness and fouling 502
24.3 Hull drag reduction 509
24.4 Propeller roughness and fouling 509
24.5 Generalized equations for the roughness-induced power penalties in ship operation 512
24.6 Monitoring of ship performance 516
Chapter 25 Propeller tolerances and inspection 526
25.1 Propeller tolerances 528
25.2 Propeller inspection 529
Chapter 26 Propeller maintenance and repair 534
26.1 Causes of propeller damage 536
26.2 Propeller repair 538
26.3 Welding and the extent of weld repairs 540
26.4 Stress relief 541
Bibliography 544
Index 548
A 548
B 548
C 549
D 549
E 550
F 550
G 550
H 550
I 551
J 551
K 551
L 551
M 551
N 551
O 552
P 552
Q 553
R 553
S 553
T 555
U 555
V 555
W 555