Optical Fiber Telecommunications VA (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Optical Fiber Telecommunications V A: Components and Subsystems 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 8
Contributors 10
Chapter 1 Overview of OFT V Volumes A & B
1.1 FIVE EDITIONS 14
1.2 PERSPECTIVE OF THE PAST 6 YEARS 15
1.3 OFT V VOLUME A: COMPONENTS AND SUBSYSTEMS 16
1.4 OFT V VOLUME B: SYSTEMS AND NETWORKS 25
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 34
Chapter 2 Semiconductor Quantum Dots: Genesis—The Excitonic Zoo—Novel Devices for Future Applications 36
2.1 PREFACE 36
2.2 THE PREHISTORIC ERA—OR WHY DID A PROMISING APPROACH ALMOST DIE 37
2.3 A NEW DAWN AND COLLECTIVE BLINDNESS 38
2.4 DECISIVE BREAK-THROUGHS 39
2.5 PARADIGM CHANGES IN SEMICONDUCTOR PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY 40
2.6 ANYTHING SPECIAL ABOUT THE ELECTRONIC AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES? 41
2.7 ARE SINGLE QDs GOOD FOR ANYTHING? 45
2.8 UTILIZATION OF MANY QDs 48
2.9 HIGH-SPEED NANOPHOTONICS 49
2.10 ARE QDs A HYPE? 60
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 60
REFERENCES 60
Chapter 3 High-Speed Low-Chirp Semiconductor Lasers 66
3.1 INTRODUCTION 66
3.2 FUNDAMENTAL DC PROPERTIES OF LONG-WAVELENGTH QW LASERS 67
3.3 HIGH-SPEED DIRECT MODULATION OF STRAINED QW LASERS 78
3.4 QUANTUM DOT LASERS 83
3.5 DISCUSSIONS 89
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 90
REFERENCES 91
Chapter 4 Recent Advances in Surface-Emitting Lasers 94
4.1 INTRODUCTION 94
4.2 LONG-WAVELENGTH VCSELs 96
4.3 WAVELENGTH INTEGRATION AND CONTROL 100
4.4 PLASMONIC VCSELs 104
4.5 OPTICAL SIGNAL PROCESSING BASED ON VCSEL TECHNOLOGIES 107
4.6 VCSEL-BASED SLOW LIGHT DEVICES 110
4.7 CONCLUSION 112
REFERENCES 113
Chapter 5 Pump Diode Lasers 120
5.1 INTRODUCTION 120
5.2 SINGLE-MODE FIBER 980-NM PUMPS 122
5.3 1480-nm PUMPS AND 14XX-nm HIGH-POWER LASERS 135
5.4 MULTIMODE FIBER-COUPLED 9xx nm PUMP LASERS 137
5.5 HIGH-RADIANCE DIODE LASER TECHNOLOGIES 146
5.6 VCSEL PUMP AND HIGH-POWER DIODE LASERS 147
5.7 STATUS, TRENDS, AND OPPORTUNITIES 148
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 149
REFERENCES 150
Chapter 6 Ultrahigh-Speed Laser Modulation by Injection Locking 158
6.1 INTRODUCTION 158
6.2 BASIC PRINCIPLE OF OIL 159
6.3 MODULATION PROPERTIES OF OIL VCSELs 164
6.4 RF LINK GAIN ENHANCEMENT OF OIL VCSELs 176
6.5 NONLINEARITY AND DYNAMIC RANGE OF OIL VCSELs 179
6.6 RELATIVE INTENSITY NOISE OF OIL VCSELs 182
6.7 APPLICATIONS 184
6.8 CONCLUSION 192
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 193
REFERENCES 193
Chapter 7 Recent Developments in High-Speed Optical Modulators 196
7.1 INTRODUCTION 196
7.2 PRINCIPLES AND MECHANISMS OF EXTERNAL OPTICAL MODULATION 198
7.3 HIGH-SPEED MODULATION 200
7.4 MODULATORS BASED ON PHASE CHANGES AND INTERFERENCE 206
7.5 INTENSITY MODULATORS BASED ON ABSORPTION CHANGES 208
7.6 TRAVELING-WAVE ELECTROABSORPTION MODULATORS (EAMs) 211
7.7 NOVEL TYPES OF MODULATORS 221
7.8 SUMMARY AND FUTURE PROSPECTS 226
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 228
APPENDIX 228
REFERENCES 230
Chapter 8 Advances in Photodetectors 234
8.1 WAVEGUIDE PHOTODIODES 234
8.2 BALANCED RECEIVERS 243
8.3 HIGH-POWER PHOTODETECTORS 246
8.4 AVALANCHE PHOTODIODES 258
8.5 CONCLUSIONS 271
REFERENCES 272
Chapter 9 Planar Lightwave Circuits in Fiber-Optic Communications 282
9.1 INTRODUCTION 282
9.2 BASIC WAVEGUIDE THEORY AND MATERIALS 283
9.3 PASSIVE OPTICAL FILTERING, DEMODULATING, AND DEMULTIPLEXING DEVICES 290
9.4 INTER-SIGNAL CONTROL DEVICES 325
9.5 INTRA-SIGNAL CONTROL DEVICES 331
9.6 CONCLUSION 349
REFERENCES 349
Chapter 10 III–V Photonic Integrated Circuits and Their Impact on Optical Network Architectures 356
10.1 INTRODUCTION 356
10.2 PHOTONIC MATERIAL INTEGRATION METHODS 358
10.3 III–V PHOTONIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT SMALL-SCALE INTEGRATION 360
10.4 MANUFACTURING ADVANCES FOR III–V FABRICATION IMPLYING SCALABILITY 368
10.5 NETWORK ARCHITECTURE IMPACT OF LSI PICs 379
10.6 THE FUTURE OF OEO NETWORKS ENABLED BY III–V VLSI 385
10.7 CONCLUSION 389
REFERENCES 390
Chapter 11 Silicon Photonics 394
11.1 INTRODUCTION 394
11.2 SOI WAFER TECHNOLOGY 396
11.3 HIGH-INDEX-CONTRAST WAVEGUIDE TYPES AND PERFORMANCE ON SOI 397
11.4 INPUT–OUTPUT COUPLING 401
11.5 PASSIVE WAVEGUIDE DEVICES AND RESONATORS 406
11.6 ACTIVE MODULATION SILICON PHOTONICS 410
11.7 GERMANIUM PHOTODETECTORS AND PHOTORECEIVERS FOR INTEGRATED SILICON PHOTONICS 422
11.8 CMOS INTEGRATION AND INTEGRATED SILICON PHOTONICS 427
11.9 NONLINEAR EFFECTS 434
11.10 TOWARD A SILICON LASER 436
11.11 FUTURE TRENDS AND APPLICATIONS 438
REFERENCES 439
Chapter 12 Photonic Crystal Theory: Temporal Coupled-Mode Formalism 444
12.1 INTRODUCTION 444
12.2 TEMPORAL COUPLED-MODE THEORY FOR OPTICAL RESONATORS 445
12.3 USING TEMPORAL COUPLED-MODE THEORY TO PREDICT OPTICAL SWITCHING 451
12.4 STOPPING LIGHT IN DYNAMIC PHOTONIC CRYSTALS 456
12.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS 464
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 464
REFERENCES 464
Chapter 13 Photonic Crystal Technologies: Experiment 468
13.1 INTRODUCTION 468
13.2 BAND GAP/DEFECT ENGINEERING 469
13.3 BAND EDGE ENGINEERING 486
13.4 BAND ENGINEERING 489
13.5 SUMMARY AND FUTURE PROSPECTS 492
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 492
REFERENCES 493
Chapter 14 Photonic Crystal Fibers: Basics and Applications 498
14.1 INTRODUCTION 498
14.2 FABRICATION TECHNIQUES 498
14.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF PHOTONIC CRYSTAL CLADDING 500
14.4 CHARACTERISTICS OF GUIDANCE 503
14.5 INTRA-FIBER DEVICES, CUTTING AND JOINING 512
14.6 APPLICATIONS 515
14.7 FINAL REMARKS 527
GLOSSARY 528
LIST OF ACRONYMS 529
REFERENCES 529
Chapter 15 Specialty Fibers for Optical Communication Systems 536
15.1 INTRODUCTION 536
15.2 DISPERSION COMPENSATION FIBERS 539
15.3 POLARIZATION MAINTAINING AND SINGLE POLARIZATION FIBERS 552
15.4 NONLINEAR FIBERS 559
15.5 DOUBLE-CLAD FIBERS FOR FIBER LASERS AND AMPLIFIERS BY OVD 568
15.6 MICROSTRUCTURED OPTICAL FIBERS 585
REFERENCES 598
Chapter 16 Plastic Optical Fibers: Technologies and Communication Links 606
16.1 INTRODUCTION 606
16.2 DEVELOPMENT OF POFs 608
16.3 VARIETIES OF POFs, POF Cords, and Cables 611
16.4 PASSIVE AND ACTIVE COMPONENTS FOR POFs 612
16.5 DATACOM APPLICATIONS WITH POFs 615
REFERENCES 615
Chapter 17 Polarization Mode Dispersion 618
17.1 INTRODUCTION 618
17.2 BACKGROUND 619
17.3 ELEMENTARY MODEL OF INSTALLED FIBER PLANT 627
17.4 SURVEY OF FIELD TESTS 629
17.5 TRANSMISSION IMPAIRMENTS CAUSED BY THE FIRST-ORDER PMD 634
17.6 HIGH-ORDER EFFECTS 645
17.7 PMD EMULATION 654
17.8 PMD AND OPTICAL NONLINEARITIES 665
17.9 CONCLUSION 675
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 676
REFERENCES 676
Chapter 18 Electronic Signal Processing for Dispersion Compensation and Error Mitigation in Optical Transmission Networks 684
18.1 INTRODUCTION: ROLE OF ELECTRONIC SIGNAL PROCESSING IN OPTICAL NETWORKS 684
18.2 ELECTRONIC EQUALIZATION AND ADAPTATION TECHNIQUES 685
18.3 HIGH-SPEED ELECTRONIC IMPLEMENTATION: TECHNIQUES, ALTERNATIVES, AND CHALLENGES 694
18.4 ELECTRONIC COMPENSATION FOR 10-GB/S APPLICATIONS 712
18.5 PROSPECTS AND TRENDS FOR NEXT-GENERATION SYSTEMS 720
REFERENCES 721
Chapter 19 Microelectromechanical Systems for Lightwave Communication 726
19.1 INTRODUCTION 726
19.2 OPTICAL SWITCHES AND CROSSCONNECTS 727
19.3 WAVELENGTH-SELECTIVE MEMS COMPONENTS 732
19.4 TUNABLE LASERS 754
19.5 OTHER OPTICAL MEMS DEVICES 756
19.6 EMERGING MEMS TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS 760
19.7 CONCLUSION 762
REFERENCES 762
Chapter 20 Nonlinear Optics in Communications: From Crippling Impairment to Ultrafast Tools 772
20.1 INTRODUCTION 772
20.2 PHASE-MATCHED VS NONPHASE-MATCHED PROCESSES 774
20.3 PLATFORMS 775
20.4 PARAMETRIC AMPLIFICATION 779
20.5 OPTICAL REGENERATION 782
20.6 OPTICAL-PHASE CONJUGATION 800
20.7 WAVELENGTH CONVERSION 802
20.8 OPTICAL SWITCHING 809
20.9 OPTICAL PERFORMANCE MONITORING 813
20.10 OPTICAL DELAYS AND BUFFERS 824
20.11 FUTURE PROSPECTS 831
20.12 CONCLUSIONS 833
REFERENCES 833
Chapter 21 Fiber-Optic Quantum Information Technologies 842
21.1 INTRODUCTION 842
21.2 FIBER NONLINEARITY AS A SOURCE FOR CORRELATED PHOTONS 845
21.3 QUANTUM THEORY OF FOUR-WAVE MIXING IN OPTICAL FIBER 851
21.4 FIBER NONLINEARITY AS A SOURCE FOR ENTANGLED PHOTONS 864
21.5 HIGH-FIDELITY ENTANGLEMENT WITH COOLED FIBER 871
21.6 DEGENERATE PHOTON PAIRS FOR QUANTUM LOGIC IN THE TELECOM BAND 876
21.7 CONCLUDING REMARKS 889
REFERENCES 889
Index to Volumes VA and VB 894