Tropical Medicine (eBook)

Front cover 1
Tropical Medicine: An Illustrated History of the Pioneers 4
Copyright page 5
Contents 6
Preface 10
Prologue 16
Chapter 1 Early pioneers of ‘medicine in the tropics’ 18
THE BOTANISTS AND CLIMATOLOGISTS 18
EARLY ACCOUNTS OF ‘MEDICINE IN THE TROPICS’ 19
FEVERS IN HISTORY 24
GEOGRAPHICAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO DISEASE PREVALENCE 30
SPECIFIC PROPHYLAXIS AND TREATMENT 37
THE BIRTH OF ‘FEVER’ HOSPITALS 43
EARLY ATTEMPTS AT UNDERSTANDING DISEASE TRANSMISSION 44
NOTES 45
Chapter 2 Origins of the formal discipline: background factors 50
THE PUBLIC HEALTH MOVEMENT 51
TRAVEL – THE VICTORIAN EXPLORERS 54
NATURAL HISTORY 55
EVOLUTION: AN AWAKENING OF SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY 57
UNDERSTANDING OF DISEASE CAUSATION: DEVELOPMENT OF THE ‘GERM THEORY’ 59
CLINICAL PARASITOLOGY 65
NOTES 65
Chapter 3 Patrick Manson (1844–1922): father of the newly-formed speciality, filariasis research, and founder of the London School of Tropical Medicine 68
LONDON LIFE AND FOUNDATION OF THE LONDON SCHOOL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE 73
MANSON’S INAUGURAL LECTURE TO THE (ROYAL) SOCIETY OF TROPICAL MEDICINE IN 1907 79
ROSS’S ASSESSMENT OF MANSON 80
NOTES 81
Chapter 4 Alphonse Laveran (1845–1922): discovery of the causative agent of malaria in 1880 84
LAVERAN’S 1880 DISCOVERY: THE TRUE CAUSE OF MALARIA IS REVEALED 87
RETROSPECTIVE VIEWS OF P C C GARNHAM 93
CONCLUSION 95
NOTES 96
Chapter 5 Ronald Ross (1857–1932): the role of the Italian malariologists, and scientific verification of mosquito transmission of malaria 98
THE SCENARIO BEFORE ROSS 98
RONALD ROSS (1857–1932) 99
ROSS’S WORK ON MALARIA 105
THE ITALIAN MALARIOLOGISTS 110
IS THE MOSQUITO AFTER ALL RESPONSIBLE FOR TRANSMITTING MALARIA? 114
SIR PHILIP MANSON-BAHR’S ASSESSMENT OF SIR RONALD ROSS 115
ROSS’S LATER THOUGHTS ON THE FUTURE OF TROPICAL MEDICINE 116
NOTES 117
Chapter 6 Carlos Finlay (1833–1915): yellow fever research in southern America 120
MODE OF INFECTION 121
YELLOW FEVER ELSEWHERE 127
THE CAUSATIVE AGENT, AND SUCCESSFUL IMMUNIZATION 127
NOTES 129
Chapter 7 James Cantlie (1851–1926): tropical surgeon, university administrator, and founder of the (Royal) Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 132
ROLE IN THE ORIGIN(S) AND EARLY DAYS OF THE (ROYAL) SOCIETY OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE 135
CONCLUSION 142
NOTES 142
Chapter 8 George Carmichael Low (1872–1952): an underrated pioneer, and contributor to the (Royal) Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 144
LOW AND THE ORIGIN(S) OF A PERMANENT ‘HOME’ FOR THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE – MANSON HOUSE 153
LOW THE ORNITHOLOGIST 157
LOW’S PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS TO THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE 157
NOTES 158
Chapter 9 David Bruce (1855–1931): Malta fever, nagana, and East African trypanosomiasis 162
BRUCE’S LATER LIFE 171
BRUCE’S PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS TO THE SOCIETY OF TROPICAL MEDICINE 171
NOTES 172
Chapter 10 The schistosomiasis saga: Theodor Bilharz (1825–62), Robert Leiper (1881–1969), and the Japanese investigators 174
URINARY SCHISTOSOMIASIS 174
INTESTINAL SCHISTOSOMIASIS 176
RESEARCHES ON SOUTH-EAST ASIAN SCHISTOSOMIASIS 177
MANAGEMENT 179
ANCYLOSTOMIASIS 180
NOTES 180
Chapter 11 Joseph Everett Dutton (1874–1905): West African trypanosomiasis and relapsing fever 184
BIOGRAPHICAL DETAILS AND RESEARCH 185
AN ACCOUNT OF DUTTON’S DEATH 189
NOTES 191
Chapter 12 The causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis (kal-azar): William Leishman (1865–1926) and Charles Donovan (1863–1951) 194
WILLIAM BOOG LEISHMAN (1865–1926) 194
CHARLES DONOVAN (1863–1951) 196
THE CAUSATIVE AGENT OF KALA-AZAR 197
TRANSMISSION 198
NOTES 198
Chapter 13 Leonard Rogers (1868–1962): the diseases of Bengal, and the founding of the Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine 200
THE CALCUTTA SCHOOL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND THE CARMICHAEL HOSPITAL 203
ROGERS’ PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS TO THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE 210
NOTES 210
Chapter 14 Aldo Castellani (1877–1971): research in the tropics, and founding of the Ross Institute and Hospital for Tropical Diseases 214
THE ROSS INSTITUTE AND HOSPITAL FOR TROPICAL DISEASES 216
CONCLUSIONS 222
NOTES 224
Chapter 15 Neil Hamilton Fairley (1891–1966): medicine in the tropics, and the future of clinical tropical medicine 228
FAIRLEY’S TROPICAL RESEARCH 229
FAIRLEY’S PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS TO THE RSTMH 231
INTEREST IN THE FUTURE OF CLINICAL TROPICAL MEDICINE 232
WILL CLINICAL TROPICAL MEDICINE SURVIVE? 234
NOTES 234
Chapter 16 Alexandre Yersin (1863–1943), and other contributers in solving the plague problem 236
HISTORY OF PLAGUE 236
THE CAUSATIVE AGENT 237
INVOLVEMENT OF RATS – THE INTERMEDIATE HOST 238
EPILOGUE 240
NOTES 240
Chapter 17 Andrew Balfour (1873–1931): pioneer of preventive medicine in the tropics and first Director of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine 242
GROWTH OF PUBLIC HEALTH (HYGIENE) 245
ORIGIN(S) OF THE LSHTM 246
NOTES 247
Chapter 18 Some less well-documented pioneers 250
HIDEYO NOGUCHI 250
GERHARD HENRIK ARMAUER HANSEN 252
ADOLF WEIL 253
OSWALDO GONÇALES CRUZ 255
CARLOS CHAGAS 256
SIR PHILIP HENRY MANSON-BAHR 256
CONCLUSION 258
NOTES 259
Chapter 19 ‘Back-room’ and lay pioneers of the specialty 260
THE LIVERPOOL SCHOOL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE 261
THE LONDON SCHOOL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE 262
NOTES 265
Chapter 20 Politicians and entrepreneurs: the Chamberlains (father and son), Alfred Jones and Herbert Read 268
JOSEPH CHAMBERLAIN MP, FRS (1836–1914) 268
(JOSEPH) AUSTEN CHAMBERLAIN KG, MP (1863–1937) 272
ALFRED JONES (1845–1909) 272
HERBERT JAMES READ GCMG (1863–1949) 274
ESTABLISHMENT OF THE PIONEERING SCHOOLS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE IN BRITAIN 274
NOTES 276
Epilogue 278
Appendices 280
Index 284
A 284
B 284
C 285
D 286
E 287
F 287
G 287
H 288
I 288
J 288
K 289
L 289
M 290
N 291
O 292
P 292
Q 292
R 292
S 293
T 294
U 295
V 295
W 295
Y 295
Z 295