Biomedical Information Technology (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Biomedical Information Technology 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 6
Acknowledgments 12
About the Editor 14
Contributors 16
Introduction 18
Section I: Technological Fundamentals 23
Chapter 1: Medical Imaging 25
1.1 Introduction 25
1.2 Digital Radiography 26
1.3 Computed Tomography 28
1.4 Nuclear Medicine 29
1.5 Ultrasonic Imaging 33
1.6 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 37
1.7 Diffuse Optical Imaging 40
1.8 Biosignals 44
1.9 Appendix 46
1.10 Exercises 47
1.11 References and Bibliography 49
Chapter 2: Electronic Medical Records 51
2.1 Introduction 51
2.2 Medical Data and Patient Records 53
2.3 Terminology Standards—Vocabulary and a Clinical Coding System 56
2.4 Information Exchange Standards 60
2.5 Usability Issues in Electronic Medical Records 60
2.6 User Interface 62
2.7 Evaluation 64
2.8 Electronic Medical Records System—A Case Study: AWeb-Based Electronic Record for Medical Imaging 64
2.9 Summary 67
Acknowledgements 67
2.10 Exercises 67
2.11 References and Bibliography 68
Chapter 3: Image Data Compression and Storage 73
3.1 Introduction 73
3.2 Picture Compression 73
3.3 Compression in the DICOM Standard 91
3.4 Data Compression for Dynamic Functional Images 92
3.5 Summary 99
Acknowledgements 100
3.6 Exercises 100
3.7 References and Bibliography 100
Chapter 4: Content-Based Medical Image Retrieval 105
4.1 Introduction 105
4.2 Content-Based Medical Image Retrieval by Physical Visual Features 110
4.3 Content-Based Medical Image Retrieval by Geometric Spatial Filters 116
4.4 Content-Based Medical Image Retrieval by Combination of Semantic and Visual Features 122
4.5 Content-Based Medical Image Retrieval by Physiologically Functional Features 126
4.6 Summary 129
Acknowledgments 129
4.7 Exercises 129
4.8 References and Bibliography 129
Chapter 5: Data Modeling and Simulation 137
5.1 Introduction 137
5.2 Compartment Models 137
5.3 Model Identification 140
5.4 Model Validation 149
5.5 Simulation 149
5.6 Case Study 150
5.7 Quantification of Medical Images 152
5.8 Exercises 157
5.9 References and Bibliography 157
Chapter 6: Techniques for Parametric Imaging 159
6.1 Introduction 159
6.2 Parametric Image Estimation Methods 163
6.3 Noninvasive Methods 171
6.4 Clinical Applications of Parametric Images 174
6.5 Summary 180
Acknowledgments 181
6.6 Exercises 181
6.7 References and Bibliography 181
Chapter 7: Data Processing and Analysis 187
7.1 Introduction 187
7.2 Medical Image Enhancement 187
7.3 Medical Image Segmentation 192
7.4 Medical Image Feature Extraction 196
7.5 Medical Image Interpretation 199
7.6 Summary 204
7.7 Exercises 205
7.8 References and Bibliography 205
Chapter 8: Data Registration and Fusion 209
8.1 Introduction 209
8.2 Fundamentals of Biomedical Image Registration and Fusion 210
8.3 Feature-Based Medical Image Registration 215
8.4 Intensity-Based Registration 217
8.5 Hybrid Registration and Hierarchical Registration 220
8.6 Hardware Registration 222
8.7 Assessment of Registration Accuracy 223
8.8 Applications of Biomedical Image Registration and Fusion 225
8.9 Summary 227
Acknowledgments 227
8.10 Exercises 227
8.11 References and Bibliography 227
Chapter 9: Data Visualization and Display 233
9.1 Introduction 233
9.2 Two-Dimensional Visualization Techniques 234
9.3 Three-Dimensional Visualization Techniques 235
9.4 Volume Navigation Interface 237
9.5 Volume Enhancement and Manipulation 238
9.6 Large Data Visualization and Optimization 240
9.7 Dual-Modality Positron Emission Tomography–Computed Tomography Visualization 241
9.8 Data Display Devices 244
9.9 Applications of Biomedical Visualization 245
9.10 Summary 246
Acknowledgments 246
9.11 Exercises 246
9.12 References and Bibliography 246
Chapter 10: Data Communication and Network Infrastructure 251
10.1 Introduction 251
10.2 Transmission and Communication Technologies 252
10.3 The Internet and World Wide Web 255
10.4 Wireless and Mobile Technologies in M-Health 260
10.5 Sensor Networks for Health Monitoring 264
10.6 Applications of Wireless Technologies in Telemedicine 267
10.7 Summary 269
10.8 Exercises 269
10.9 References and Bibliography 270
Chapter 11: Data Security and Protection for Medical Images 271
11.1 Introduction 271
11.2 Overview of Cryptographic System 273
11.3 Digital Watermarking 274
11.4 Medical Image Watermarking 274
11.5 Region-Based Reversible Watermarking for Secure Positron Emission Tomography Image Management 276
11.6 Summary 277
Acknowledgments 277
11.7 Exercises 277
11.8 References and Bibliography 277
Chapter 12: Biologic Computing 281
12.1 Introduction 281
12.2 Overview of Genomic Methods 281
12.3 Overview of Proteomic Methods 283
12.4 Bioinformatics and Information Infrastructure 288
12.5 Data Mining and Large-Scale Biologic Databases 292
12.6 Biologic Event-Driven, Time-Driven and Hybrid Simulation Techniques 293
12.7 Summary 296
Acknowledgments 296
12.8 Exercises 297
12.9 References and Bibliography 297
Section II: Integrated Applications 299
Chapter 13: PACS and Medical Imaging Informatics for Filmless Hospitals 301
13.1 Introduction 301
13.2 PACS Infrastructure 302
13.3 PACS Components and Workflow 308
13.4 PACS Controller and Image Archive 313
13.5 Large-Scale PACS Implementation 321
13.6 PACS Clinical Experiences 321
13.7 Summary 326
13.8 Exercises 327
13.9 References and Bibliography 327
Chapter 14: KMeX: A Knowledge-Based Digital Library for Retrieving Scenario-Specific Medical Text Documents 329
14.1 Introduction 329
14.2 Extracting Key Concepts From Documents 330
14.3 Transforming Similar Queries into Query Templates 335
14.4 Topic-Oriented Directory 335
14.5 Phrase-Based Vector Space Model for Automatic Document Retrieval 339
14.6 Knowledge-Based Scenario-Specific Query Expansion 347
14.7 The KMeX System Architecture for Retrieving Scenario-Specific Free-Text Documents 360
14.8 Summary 360
Acknowledgments 361
14.9 Exercises 361
14.10 References and Bibliography 362
Chapter 15: Integrated Multimedia Patient Record Systems 365
15.1 Introduction 365
15.2 Multimedia Patient Record 366
15.3 Components of the Multimedia Patient Record System Architecture 368
15.4 Electronic Medical Chart Components 370
15.5 Objects Comprising the Multimedia Patient Record 374
15.6 Capturing Multimedia Data with a Clinical Workstation 374
15.7 DICOM Image Acquisition 374
15.8 Remote Data and Image Viewing Across the Health Care Network 376
15.9 Impact on Patient Care 378
15.10 Summary 378
15.11 References and Bibliography 379
Chapter 16: Computer-Aided Diagnosis 381
16.1 Introduction 381
16.2 Computer-Aided Diagnosis 381
16.4 Computer-Aided Diagnosis for Differential Diagnosis 384
16.3 Computer-Aided Diagnosis for Cancer Screening 388
16.5 Intelligent Computer-Aided Diagnosis Workstations: Indices of Similarity and Human/Computer Interfaces 389
Acknowledgments 392
16.6 Summary 392
16.7 Exercises 392
16.8 References and Bibliography 392
Chapter 17: Clinical Decision Support Systems 397
17.1 Introduction 397
17.2 Overview of Clinical Decision Support Systems 398
17.3 Human Diagnostic Reasoning 399
17.4 A Structure for Characterizing Clinical Decision Support Systems 401
17.5 Decision Support Tools 406
17.6 Decision Support Systems in the Hospital and Other Health Care Settings 407
17.7 Health Care Education Applications 408
17.8 Verification, Validation, and Evaluation 409
17.9 Summary 411
17.10 Exercises 412
17.11 References and Bibliography 412
Chapter 18: Medical Robotics and Computer-Integrated Interventional Medicine 415
18.1 Introduction 415
18.2 Technology and Techniques 416
18.3 Surgical CAD/CAM 425
18.4 Surgical Assistance 428
18.5 Summary 432
18.6 Exercises 432
18.7 References and Bibliography 433
Chapter 19: Functional Techniques for Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging 439
19.1 Introduction 439
19.2 Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Brain 440
19.3 Magnetic Resonance Perfusion Imaging in Brain 443
19.4 Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Using BOLD Techniques 446
19.5 Clinical Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Brain 447
19.6 Summary 450
Acknowledgments 450
19.7 Exercises 450
19.8 References and Bibliography 450
Chapter 20: Molecular Imaging in Cancer 453
20.1 Introduction 453
20.2 Imaging of Gene Expression 454
20.3 Receptor Imaging 461
20.4 Enzyme-Activated Probes 465
20.5 Metabolic Imaging 467
20.6 Imaging of Permeability, Perfusion, and Blood Flow 469
20.7 Imaging of the Tumor Microenvironment 470
20.8 Multimodality Imaging 471
20.9 Summary 474
Acknowledgments 474
20.10 Exercises 474
20.11 References and Bibliography 475
Chapter 21: Molecular Imaging in Biology and Pharmacology 479
21.1 Introduction and Background 479
21.2 Considerations for Quantitative Molecular Imaging 482
21.3 Design/Development of Molecular Imaging Probes 485
21.4 Molecular Imaging of Beta-Amyloid and Neurofibrillary Tangles 488
21.5 Molecular Imaging Using Antibody Probes 490
21.6 Some Other Molecular Imaging Applications 492
21.7 Summary and Future Perspectives 493
21.8 Exercises 497
21.9 References and Bibliography 497
Chapter 22: From Telemedicine to Ubiquitous M-Health: The Evolution of E-Health Systems 501
22.1 Introduction 501
22.2 Overview of M-Health Systems 502
22.3 M-Health Based on Wireless Body Area Networks 506
22.4 Wireless Intelligent Sensors for M-Health 509
22.5 Wireless Mobile Devices for M-Health 513
22.6 Next-Generation M-Health Systems 514
22.7 Summary 516
22.8 Exercises 516
22.9 References and Bibliography 517
Chapter 23: Multimedia for Future Health-Smart Medical Home 519
23.1 Introduction 519
23.2 Multimedia for Human-Computer Interaction 521
23.3 Multimedia Content Management 522
23.4 Multimedia Delivery 523
23.5 Smart Medical Home 525
23.6 Telemedicine in the Smart Medical Home 527
23.7 Sensory Devices and Health Monitoring 527
23.8 Speech Recognition and Conversational Systems 528
23.9 Multimedia Technologies for Patient Education and Care 528
23.10 Multimedia Operating Theater and Virtual Reality 529
23.11 Summary 530
Acknowledgments 530
23.12 Exercises 530
23.13 References and Bibliography 530
Index 535