Radar and ARPA Manual (eBook)

Cover 1
Contents 6
Preface to Second Edition 16
Preface to First Edition 17
Acknowledgements 18
1 Basic radar principles 19
1.1 Introduction 19
1.2 Principles of range measurement 19
1.3 Principles of bearing measurement 26
1.4 Picture orientation 29
1.5 Picture presentation 36
2 The radar system – operational principles 45
2.1 Introduction 45
2.2 Function of units 45
2.3 Transmitter principles 50
2.4 Aerial principles 59
2.5 Receiver principles 77
2.6 Display principles 91
2.7 The siting of units on board ship 150
3 Target detection 160
3.1 Introduction 160
3.2 Radar characteristics 161
3.3 Target characteristics 164
3.4 Target enhancement – passive 172
3.5 Target enhancement – active 178
3.6 The detection of targets in sea clutter 188
3.7 The detection of targets in precipitation clutter 202
3.8 The radar horizon 210
3.9 False and unwanted radar responses 216
3.10 Future advances in target detection 231
4 Automatic target tracking, specified facilities 233
4.1 Introduction 233
4.2 The acquisition of targets 237
4.3 The tracking of targets 240
4.4 Vectors 250
4.5 The ARPA and ATA display 255
4.6 The display of alphanumeric data 4.7 Alarms and warnings 257
4.8 Connections with other equipment 260
5 ARPA and ATA – additional facilities 261
5.1 Introduction 261
5.2 Additional alarms and warnings 261
5.3 Automatic ground-stabilization 262
5.4 Navigational lines and maps 264
5.5 The predicted point of collision (PPC) 265
5.6 The predicted area of danger (PAD) 270
6 The radar system – operational controls 274
6.1 Optimum performance 274
6.2 Setting-up procedure for an analogue display 275
6.3 Setting-up procedure for a radial-scan synthetic display 280
6.4 Setting-up procedure for a raster-scan synthetic display 284
6.5 Performance monitoring 288
6.6 Change of range scale and/or pulse length 294
6.7 The stand-by condition 294
6.8 Setting up the display for a true-motion picture presentation 295
6.9 Controls for range and bearing measurement 301
6.10 Controls for the suppression of unwanted responses 310
6.11 Miscellaneous controls 314
6.12 Setting-up procedure for an Automatic Radar Plotting display 314
6.13 Switching off 316
7 Radar plotting including collision avoidance 317
7.1 Introduction 317
7.2 The relative plot 317
7.3 The true plot 325
7.4 The plot when only the target manoeuvres 326
7.5 The plot when own ship manoeuvres 330
7.6 The theory and construction of PPCs, PADs, SODs and SOPs 341
7.7 The plot in tide 348
7.8 The theory and practice of reflection plotters 351
7.9 Manual plotting – accuracy and errors 357
7.10 Errors associated with the true-motion presentation 361
7.11 Radar plotting aids 363
7.12 The regulations for preventing collisions at sea as applied to radar and ARPA/ATA 366
7.13 Intelligent knowledge-based systems as applied to collision avoidance 372
8 Navigation techniques using radar and ARPA 374
8.1 Introduction 374
8.2 Identification of targets and chart comparison 374
8.3 Position fixing 380
8.4 Parallel indexing 382
9 ARPA and ATA – accuracy and errors 411
9.1 Introduction 411
9.2 The test scenarios used in current standards 411
9.3 The accuracy of displayed data required by the Performance Standard 413
9.4 The classification of ARPA and ATA error sources 415
9.5 Errors that are generated in the radar installation 416
9.6 Errors in displayed data 420
9.7 Errors of interpretation 427
10 Ancillary equipment 431
10.1 Global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) 431
10.2 Electronic charts (ECDIS) 446
10.3 Automatic identification system (AIS) 452
10.4 Integrated systems 463
10.5 Voyage data recorders (VDRs) 471
11 Extracts from official publications 475
11.1 Extracts from Regulation 19, Chapter V, Safety of Navigation, of the IMO-SOLAS Convention 475
11.2 IMO Performance Standards for radar and automatic plotting aids 477
11.3 IMO Performance Standards for other related equipment 533
11.4 Extracts from UK Statutory Instrument 1993 No. 69, The Merchant Shipping (Navigational Equipment) Regulations 1993 552
Glossary of acronyms and abbreviations 555
Index 557