Advances in Geophysics (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Estuarine Physics and Chemistry: Studies in Long Island Sound 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 6
List of Contributors 10
Foreword 12
Preface 14
Chapter 1. The Sedimentary System of Long Island Sound 18
1. Introduction 18
2. Geological History 19
3. Sea Level 29
4. Physical Oceanography 37
5. Sedimentation 42
6. Further Research 50
References 52
Chapter 2. Storm and Tidal Energy in Long Island Sound 58
1. Introduction 58
2. Tidal Energy 60
3. Storm Energy 65
4. Water Level Deviations 72
5. Conclusions 77
Appendix I. Formulation of the Energy Balance in an Embayment 78
Appendix II. Estimate of Tidal Dissipation of All of Long Island Sound 82
References 84
Chapter 3. Sediment Transport and Deposition in Long Island Sound 86
1. Introduction 86
2. Power Sources 87
3. Sediment Sources 101
4. Sediment Transport and Bottom Stability 104
5. Sediment Deposition and Distribution 112
6. Comparison with Other Estuaries 116
References 121
Chapter 4. Sand Transport at the Floor of Long Island Sound 124
1. Introduction 124
2. Background 124
3. Long Island Sound 127
4. Sediment Transport 130
5. Formation of the Transition Zone 133
6. Discussion 139
7. Summary and Conclusions 141
References 143
Chapter 5. The Sources and Sinks of Nuclides in Long Island Sound 146
1. Introduction 146
2. Sources of Trace Metals Delivered to Long Island Sound 148
3. The Distribution of Trace Metals in Long Island Sound Sediments 154
4. Trace-Metal Distributions in Mussels and Oysters: An Index of the Composition of Suspended Particles 159
5. Processes Affecting the Deposition and Accumulation of Trace Metals in Long Island Sound Sediments 164
6. Processes Affecting the Vertical Distribution of Nuclides in the Sediment Pile 170
7. Summary 178
References 180
Chapter 6. A Record of the Accumulation of Sediment and Trace Metals in a Connecticut Salt Marsh 182
1. Introduction 182
2. Experimental Methods and Results 186
3. Discussion 206
4. Summary and Conclusions 244
References 246
Chapter 7. Diagenetic Processes Near the Sediment–Water Interface of Long Island Sound . I . Decomposition and Nutrient Element Geochemistry (S, N, P) 254
1. Introduction 255
2. Location of Study and Station Description 255
3. Sampling 267
4. Methods 269
5. Results 274
6. Discussion 289
7. Summary 334
Appendix A. Macrofauna (> 1 mm) Sieved from Flux-Core Boxes
Appendix B. Box-Core and Gravity-Core Data from Long Island Sound 339
Appendix C. Flux-Core Data 357
List of Symbols 360
References 361
Chapter 8. Diagenetic Processes Near the Sediment–Water Interface of Long Island Sound.II. Fe and Mn 368
1. Introduction 368
2. Location and Description of Study Area 369
3. Sampling 370
4. Methods 370
5. Results 372
6. Discussion 384
7. Summary 423
List of Symbols 426
References 427
Index 434