Advances in Geophysics (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Advances in Geophysics, Volume 11 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 10
List of Contributors 6
Foreword 8
Chapter 1. Astrogeology: Terrestrial Meteoritic Craters and the Origin of Tektites 12
1. Introduction 13
2. General Description of Tektites 14
3. Chemical Composition of Tektites 17
4. Ages of Tektites 26
5. Physical Poperties of Tektites 27
6. Varieties of Tektites 49
7. Silica Glasses and Impactites 60
8. Theories of Origin of Tektites 62
9. Backsplash Hypothesis 76
10. Meteoritic Craters Associated with Tektites 96
11. Effects of Large-Scale Impacts 102
12. Epilogue 105
Acknowledgments 110
References 110
Chapter 2. Atmospheric Ozone 126
1. Introduction 127
2. Measurement of Characteristic Parameters 128
3. Concentration at Ground Level 143
4. Reduced Thickness and Temperature 147
5. Vertical Distribution 159
6. Ozone in the Upper Atmosphere 173
7. Origin of Atmospheric Ozone 176
References 179
Chapter 3. The Heat and Water Budget of the Earth’s Surface 186
1. Introduction 187
2. The Earth’s Surface as the Locale of the Heat and Water Balances 190
3. Individual Fluxes, Storages, and Transformations in the Heat and Water Balances 192
4. The Budget in Situ 241
5. Conclusion 286
Acknowledgments 288
References 288
Chapter 4. Fluctuations of Ground-Water Levels 314
1. Introduction 314
2. Fluctuations in Large Aquifers Replenished by Precipitation or Artificial Recharge 315
3. Fluctuations in Alluvial Aquifers Recharged by or Discharging into Watercourses with Changing Level 326
List of Symbols 336
References 336
Author Index 338
Subject Index 350
Cumulative Author Index, Volumes I–II 354
Cumulative Subject Index, Volumes I–II 358