Advances in Geophysics (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Advances in Geophysics, Volume 2 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 10
List of Contributors 6
Foreword 8
Chapter 1. Advances in Radar Weather 12
1. Introduction 12
2. Precipitation Patterns 15
3. Theory and Quantitative Observations 43
Acknowledgments 61
List of Symbols 61
References 62
Chapter 2. Methods of Objective Weather Forecasting 68
1. Introduction 68
2. Classification of Objective Studies 73
3. The Success and Future of Objective Forecasting 90
4. Concluding Remarks 96
Acknowledgments 96
List of Symbols 96
References 97
Chapter 3. Wind Generated Gravity Waves 104
1. Introduction 104
2. Outline of Theory 106
3. The Simple Harmonic Progressive Wave 114
4. A Finite Wave Train in Deep Water 118
5. A Stationary Gaussian Process in One Dimension 128
6. A Stationary Gaussian Process in Three Dimensions 136
7. The Ergodic Theorem 145
8. A Definition of a Wind Generated Wave and of a Wind Generated Gravity Wave System 147
9. Practical Wave Statistics 148
10. Wave Generation and Theoretical Energy Spectra 151
11. The Angular Variation of the Spectrum 161
12. Sea Surface Glitter and Wave Slopes 164
13. Wave Record Analysis 169
14. Ship Motions 171
15. Wave Refraction 172
16. The Propagation of Wind Generated Gravity Waves 174
17. Practical Methods for Observing and Forecasting Ocean Waves 179
18. Unsolved Problems 181
Acknowledgments 182
List of Symbols 182
References 186
Chapter 4. Geological Chronometry by Radioactive Methods 190
1. Introduction 190
2. The Lead Methods 193
3. The Carbon-14 Method 209
4. The Strontium Method 215
5. The Potassium Methods 217
6. The Helium Method 219
7. The Ionium Method 220
8. Other Potential Methods 222
References 225
Chapter 5. Earthquake Seismographs and Associated Instruments 230
1. Torsion Seismographs 231
2. Pendulum Seismographs with Viscous-Coupled Optical Recording Elements 235
3. Moving-Conductor Electromagnetic Pendulum Seismographs 236
4. Variable Reluctance Electromagnetic Pendulum Seismograph 239
5. Electrostatic Transducer Pendulum Seismographs 246
6. Carrier-Current Transducer Seismographs 248
7. Linear Strain Seismograph 255
8. Remote Recording Seismographs 263
9. Components 265
10. Seismograph Response Characteristics 280
List of Symbols 285
References 286
Author Index 288
Subject Index 294