Nutritional Biochemistry (eBook)

Front Cover 1
NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY 2
Copyright Page 5
CONTENTS 8
Preface 14
Acknowledgments – First Edition 16
Acknowledgments – Second Edition 18
Abbreviations 20
Chapter 1. CLASSIFICATION OF BIOLOGICAL STRUCTURES 22
Overview 22
Basic Chemistry 22
Macromolecules 31
Solubility 46
Cell Structure 52
Genetic Material 53
Summary 74
References 75
Bibliography 77
Chapter 2. DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION 78
Overview 78
Digestive Tract 78
Secretion of Digestive Materials 81
Stimulation of the Digestive System 87
Molecules Important to Digestion and Absorption 90
Digestion and Absorption of Proteins 109
Digestion and Absorption of Lipids 112
Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates 124
Absorption Physiology 138
Biochemical Mechanisms 142
Summary 149
References 149
Bibliography 152
Chapter 3. NUTRIENTS THAT RESIST OR ESCAPE DIGESTION 154
Overview 154
Resistance of Proteins to Digestion 155
Carbohydrates that Escape Digestion 157
Dietary Fibers 161
Microorganisms and Digestion 168
Malabsorption Syndromes 172
Summary 173
References 174
Bibliography 175
Chapter 4. REGULATION OF ENERGY METABOLISM 178
Overview 178
The Brain and Energy Metabolism 181
Glucagon and Insulin 182
Different Types of Energy Metabolism 201
Exercise Nutrition 216
Creatine Phosphate 222
Creatinine 223
Glycogen 227
Gluconeogenesis 228
Fructose 232
Fatty Acids 233
The Krebs Cycle 249
Fermentative and Aerobic Energy Metabolism 254
Starvation 264
Alcohol 266
Metabolic Zoning in the Liver 273
Thiol Esters 274
Summary 276
References 279
Bibliography 283
Chapter 5. ENERGY REQUIREMENT 294
Overview 294
Units of Energy 295
Calculating the Respiratory Quotient from Chemistry 297
Electron Transport and ATP Production 299
Tally of the ATPs Produced 303
The Respiratory Quotient during Rest and Exercise 308
Fatty Acid Biosynthesis 309
Respiratory Quotient Data from Human Studies 314
Protein Oxidation and the Respiratory Quotient 316
Calculating Energy Expenditures 318
Direct Calorimetry 321
Metabolic Rate 322
Doubly Labeled Water Technique for Determining Energy Expenditure 324
Issues in Energy Nutrition 326
References 328
Bibliography 329
Chapter 6. LIPIDS 332
Overview 332
Phospholipids 333
Choline and Ethanolamine 337
Influence of Dietary Fats on Phospholipids in the Body 341
Sphingosine-Based Lipids 343
Covalent Binding of Lipids to Proteins 346
Cholesterol 347
Lipoproteins 353
Studies on the Behavior of Lipoproteins 366
Cardiovascular Disease 378
Effects of Diet and Drugs on Atherosclerosis 382
References 392
Bibliography 397
Chapter 7. OBESITY 400
Overview 400
Types of Fat 404
Techniques for Measuring Fat 409
Signaling Pathways for Regulating Adipocyte Formation 420
Genetic Factors in Obesity 422
Summary 432
References 433
Bibliography 435
Chapter 8. PROTEIN 442
Overview 442
Milk Protein 445
Amino Acid Catabolism and Aminotransferases 446
Biosynthesis of Dispensable Amino Acids 456
Waste Nitrogen 457
Regulation of Protein Catabolism 465
Nutritional Aspects of Protein Catabolism 468
Protein Quality 490
Clinical Issues in Protein Nutrition 496
References 503
Bibliography 508
Chapter 9. VITAMINS 512
Overview 512
Folate 514
Vitamin B12 537
Vitamin K 545
Biotin 560
Vitamin B6 562
Vitamin A 575
Vitamin D 11
Vitamin A, Vitamin D, and Thyroid Hormone at the Genome 606
Niacin 614
Thiamin 624
Riboflavin 630
Pantothenic Acid 634
Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) 638
Vitamin E 649
Essential Fatty Acids 659
References 678
Bibliography 689
Chapter 10. INORGANIC NUTRIENTS 714
Overview 714
Tables of Inorganic Nutrients 715
Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, and Water 718
Iodine 752
Iron 760
Calcium and Phosphate 782
Magnesium 815
Manganese 823
Zinc and Copper 824
Molybdenum, Sulfite, and Sulfate 840
Selenium and Glutathione 846
Other Inorganic Nutrients 861
References 862
Bibliography 873
Chapter 11. DIET AND CANCER 900
Overview 900
Cancer of the Large Bowel 903
Genetic Changes that Result in Cancer 906
RAS and the MAP Kinase Signaling Pathway 919
Mutations in the RAS Gene and Cancer 923
Cadherin Protein 926
Epidemiology of Diet and Colon Cancer 928
Summary 938
References 938
Bibliography 942
APPENDIX A: NUTRITION METHODOLOGY 954
References/Bibliography 954
APPENDIX B: DOT BLOTS, MOLECULAR CLONING, AND DNA SEQUENCING 956
Assessing Metabolic Regulation by Measuring Changes in Enzyme Activity 956
Assessing Metabolic Regulation by Measuring Levels of Messenger RNA (Dot Blots) 957
Using Drug Resistance as a Selection Technique 967
Restriction Sites and Restriction Enzymes 968
Phages, Phagemids, and Plasmids Are Used to Acquire DNA for Sequencing 970
Phages, Plasmids, and Phagemids 971
Properties of Phage Lambda and of Filamentous Phage 975
Sequencing of DNA 977
Summary 981
References/Bibliography 983
APPENDIX C: METHODS AND TERMS IN EPIDEMIOLOGY 986
Algebra Used for Calculating Risk Ratio and Odds Ratio 986
Acquiring Data on Food and Nutrient Intake 989
References/Bibliography 990
Index 996