Fish Nutrition (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Fish Nutrition 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 6
List of Contributors 12
Preface 14
Chapter 1. Bioenergetics 16
1.1 Introduction 17
1.2 History of Nutritional Energetics 18
1.3 Energy Exchange in Biological Systems 20
1.4 Energy Utilization and Requirements 22
1.5 Digestible Energy of Feedstuffs 29
1.6 Effect of Biological and Environmental Factors 31
1.7 Urinary and Branchial Energy and Metabolizable Energy 33
1.8 Factors Affecting Metabolic Waste Output 36
1.9 Heat Production 39
1.10 Minimal Metabolism 44
1.11 Heat Increment of Feeding 50
1.12 Digestion and Absorption Processes (HdE) 52
1.13 Recovered Energy and Growth 58
1.14 Reproduction 62
1.15 Integrating and Using Information from Bioenergetics 63
1.16 Limitations and Perspectives of Bioenergetics 68
References 69
Chapter 2. The Vitamins 76
2.1 Historical Introduction 77
2.2 The Water-Soluble Vitamins 81
2.3 The Fat-Soluble Vitamins 128
2.4 Other Factors 143
2.5 Anemias and Hemapoiesis 145
References 147
Chapter 3. Amino Acids and Proteins 158
3.1 Introduction 159
3.2 Protein Requirements 160
3.3 Qualitative Amino Acid Requirements 166
3.4 Quantitative Amino Acid Requirements 167
3.5 Other Methods of Estimating Amino Acid Needs 185
References 190
Chapter 4. The Lipids 196
4.1 Introduction 197
4.2 Structures and Biosynthesis 199
4.3 Functions 209
4.4 Fatty Acids and Dietary Energy 216
4.5 Optimal Levels and Ratios of Dietary n-3 and n-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids 221
4.6 Dietary Phosphoglycerides: Inositol and Choline 242
4.7 Fatty Acid Peroxidation 247
4.8 Sources of Lipids for Farmed Fish Feeds 254
4.9 Prospects 259
References 261
Chapter 5. The Minerals 274
5.1 Introduction 275
5.2 Essential Minerals for Finfish 286
5.3 Concluding Remarks 315
References 316
Chapter 6. Intermediary Metabolism 324
6.1 Introduction: Metabolic Circuitry and Control Mechanisms 325
6.2 Carbohydrate Metabolism 328
6.3 Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism 348
6.4 Conclusions 373
References 375
Chapter 7. Nutritional Physiology 382
7.1 Introduction 383
7.2 Gross Juvenile and Adult Anatomy 384
7.3 Sensory Organs 393
7.4 Food Capture Structures and Organs 404
7.5 Digestive Organs 408
7.6 Liver 428
7.7 Anatomy and Diet 430
7.8 Digestive Processes 432
7.9 Postabsorptive Transport and Processing 442
7.10 Control and Regulation of Digestion 443
7.11 Nutritional Physiology in Larval Fish 447
References 461
Chapter 8. Nutritional Pathology 468
8.1 Introduction 469
8.2 Principles of Nutritional Pathology 470
8.3 The Deficiency and Imbalance Diseases 474
8.4 Micronutrients 479
8.5 Mineral Deficiencies and Imbalances 495
8.6 Dietary Mineral Toxicity 499
8.7 Mycotoxins 504
8.8 Toxic Algae 507
8.9 Cottonseeds 507
8.10 Senecio Alkaloids 507
8.11 Leucaena Toxins 509
8.12 Anthropogenic Chemicals 509
8.13 Binders 509
8.14 Photosensitizers 510
8.15 Sekoke Disease 512
8.16 Spleen- and Liver-Induced Cataracts 513
8.17 Single-Cell Protein Lesions 515
8.18 Antibiotic and Chemotherapeutic Toxicity 515
References 515
Chapter 9. Diet Formulation and Manufacture 520
9.1 Introduction 521
9.2 Aims and Strategy of Fish Feed Production 529
9.3 Feed Ingredients 530
9.4 Diet Formulation 553
9.5 Diet Manufacture and Storage 573
9.6 Ingredient and Diet Evaluation 593
9.7 Glossary 609
References 611
Chapter 10. Adventitious Toxins 616
10.1 Introduction 617
10.2 Naturally Occurring Toxins in Formulated Fish Rations 618
10.3 Nonnatural Components and Additives in Formulated Rations 645
10.4 Summary 656
References 656
Chapter 11. Special Feeds 666
11.1 Introduction 667
11.2 Formulation of Special Feeds 667
11.3 Feed Manufacturing 676
11.4 Summary 682
References 683
Chapter 12. Nutrition and Fish Health 686
12.1 Introduction 687
12.2 Factors Affecting Fish Health 688
12.3 Dietary Components Influencing Fish Health 690
12.4 Feeding Practices Affecting Fish Health 709
12.5 Concluding Remarks and Research Needs 713
References 714
Chapter 13. Diet and Fish Husbandry 718
13.1 Introduction 719
13.2 Channel Catfish 723
13.3 Salmonids 735
13.4 Tilapias 747
13.5 Penaeid Shrimp 756
References 768
Chapter 14. Nutrient Flow and Retention 770
14.1 Introduction 771
14.2 Carbohydrate Metabolism 772
14.3 Glycolysis 772
14.4 Carbohydrate Synthesis 774
14.5 Pentose Phosphate Pathway 774
14.6 Glycogenolysis 774
14.7 Diet and Carbohydrate Metabolism 775
14.8 Lipid Metabolism 775
14.9 Odd-Chain-Length Fatty Acid Oxidation 777
14.10 Electron Transfer Cascade 778
14.11 Amino Acid Metabolism 778
14.12 Effect of Diet on Intermediary Metabolism 780
14.13 Measuring Protein Accretion and Degradation 781
14.14 Intake and Metabolism 782
14.15 Sexual Maturity and Metabolism 782
14.16 Prospects for Improvement of Protein Retention Efficiency 783
References 784
Appendix 786
Index 822