Knowledge Base for Fisheries Management (eBook)

Cover 1
Title Page 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
Foreword 16
Acknowledgements 18
List of Contributors 20
1 Introduction: The Knowledge Base as Process 24
1.1 The commons and why we need management institutions 25
1.2 Defining the problem: The tragedy of the commons 26
1.2.1 Implications for the knowledge base 30
1.3 The elements of institutional design 30
1.4 Institutional design I: Property rights as the basis of good management regimes 32
1.4.1 Rights-based approaches and the knowledge base 35
1.5 Institutional design II: Community approaches 35
1.5.1 Community-based approaches and the knowledge base 38
1.6 Institutional processes: A new role for science 38
1.7 An overview of the book 41
References 46
Section 1 Global Experiences with Management Systems relevant to Europe 50
2 International Management of Shared Stocks 52
2.1 Introduction 52
2.2 Basic definitions 52
2.3 Management objectives 53
2.3.1 Objectives of states concerned 54
2.3.2 Conflict and other problems 54
2.4 Management tools 55
2.4.1 Cooperative and non-cooperative management 55
2.4.2 Negotiation and arrangements 58
2.4.3 Allocation 59
2.4.4 Management instruments 61
2.5 The production of knowledge 63
2.5.1 Cooperative research or the first level of cooperation 64
2.5.2 Non-cooperative management and the fear of knowledge sharing 66
2.5.3 Biological and ecological knowledge required 66
2.5.4 Economic knowledge and costs of cooperation 68
2.5.5 Knowledge of technological factors 70
2.5.6 Knowledge of social factors 70
2.6 Institutional support for knowledge production, advice, communication and decision-making 71
2.7 Control, enforcement and compliance 72
2.8 Conclusions 74
Acknowledgements 75
References 75
3 Right-Based Fisheries Management 78
3.1 Introduction 78
3.2 Main features of an ITQ system 79
3.3 The knowledge base for ITQs 85
3.3.1 The knowledge base for TAC setting: biological objectives 86
3.3.2 The knowledge base for ITQs: efficiency and welfare objectives 97
3.4 Concluding remarks 103
References 105
4 The Knowledge Base of Co-Management 108
4.1 Introduction 108
4.2 The idea of fisheries co-management 109
4.3 Different forms of knowledge 111
4.3.1 Tacit vs. discursive knowledge 111
4.3.2 Oral vs. written knowledge 112
4.3.3 Anecdotal vs. systematic information 113
4.4 The knowledge base and worldviews 114
4.4.1 Fishers’ knowledge 116
4.4.2 Knowledge of behaviour 116
4.4.3 Shared marine resource knowledge 117
4.5 Models of action towards developing a knowledge base for co-management 120
4.5.1 The deference model 120
4.5.2 The experience-based knowledge model 121
4.5.3 The competing constructions model 121
4.5.4 Community science 123
4.6 Conclusion 127
References 128
5 Financial Instruments 132
5.1 The theory of taxes and subsidies 132
5.1.1 Market failures and taxes 132
5.1.2 Definition and types of financial instruments 134
5.1.3 Impact of subsidies 137
5.1.4 Government positions on subsidies 140
5.2 The knowledge base 141
5.3 Charges and subsidies around the world 145
5.3.1 EU instruments 145
5.3.2 Financial instruments in operation outside the EU 151
5.4 Conclusion 155
5.4.1 Institutional structure 156
5.4.2 Management procedures 157
5.4.3 Models and data sources 157
5.4.4 Scientific advice and communication of advice 159
References 162
6 Command-and-Control Quota-Based Regimes 166
6.1 Introduction 166
6.2 Portraying command-and-control regimes 166
6.3 Management objectives 168
6.4 Management tools 168
6.4.1 The setting of the TAC 169
6.4.2 The allocation of the TAC 169
6.5 The production of knowledge 170
6.5.1 Knowledge of biological and ecological factors 172
6.5.2 Knowledge of social and economic factors 174
6.6 Learning from innovative systems: Taking into account users’ knowledge 176
6.6.1 The DPSIR framework 178
6.7 Institutional support for knowledge production, advice and decision-making 179
6.8 Control, enforcement, and compliance 180
6.9 Conclusions 181
Acknowledgements 183
References 183
7 Effort and Capacity-Based Fisheries Management 186
7.1 Introduction 186
7.2 The knowledge base of effort-based fisheries regulation 187
7.3 The example of the demersal gadoid fisheries in the Faeroe islands 193
7.3.1 Management objectives 194
7.3.2 The regulation framework 194
7.3.3 The institutional setup of knowledge production 195
7.4 The example of the Australian Northern Prawn mixed fisheries 198
7.4.1 Management objectives 198
7.4.2 Management instruments 200
7.4.3 The production of knowledge 202
7.5 The example of the mussel fisheries in Denmark 207
7.5.1 Management objectives 208
7.5.2 Management instruments 208
7.5.3 The production of knowledge 210
7.6 The example of the Mediterranean hake mixed fisheries 212
7.6.1 Management objectives 212
7.6.2 Management instruments 212
7.6.3 The institutional setup of knowledge production 213
7.7 The example of the North Sea demersal mixed fisheries under the existing EU fishery system 215
7.7.1 Management objectives 215
7.7.2 Management instruments 217
7.7.3 The institutional setup of knowledge production 218
7.8 Conclusions 226
7.A Introduction to the MTAC MODELŽ and its use for calculation of maximum number of sea days 231
7.A.1 The EU implementation of the precautionary approach of fisheries management 231
7.A.2 Mean number of sea days 231
7.A.3 The STECF approach to mixed fisheries TACs 232
7.A.4 Using the MTAC Model to calculate the number of sea-days 235
References 235
Section 2 Issues Relevant to the European Level 240
8 Fisheries Policy-Making: Production and Use of Knowledge 242
8.1 Introduction 242
8.2 The ICES–EU system 243
8.2.1 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea 243
8.2.2 European Union 245
8.3 Regional fisheries management organisations 254
8.3.1 North-West Atlantic Fisheries Organisation 255
8.3.2 International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tuna 255
8.3.3 General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean 256
8.4 Elements of reform 256
8.5 Conclusion 258
Acknowledgements 258
References 259
9 Participation 262
9.1 Decision making theory 262
9.1.1 The incorporation of participation in modelling 264
9.2 European institutions, participation and knowledge provision 265
9.3 Different approaches to the problem: Modes of constructing a collaborative knowledge base 267
9.3.1 Deference model 268
9.3.2 Experience-based knowledge (EBK) 269
9.3.3 Competing constructions 273
9.3.4 Science as community 278
9.4 Regional advisory councils 279
9.4.1 Regional Advisory Councils and Participation 279
9.4.2 The knowledge base of the Regional Advisory Councils 281
9.5 Concluding remarks 286
References 287
10 Ecological Side-Effects of Fishing from the Fisheries Management Perspective 290
10.1 Introduction 290
10.2 Main ecological side-effects of fishing 291
10.2.1 By-catches and discards 291
10.2.2 Effects on the population level (changes in size structure and life history parameters) 292
10.2.3 Effects on species diversity and genetic structure of communities 293
10.2.4 Other effects on community structure 294
10.2.5 Impacts on benthos and benthic habitats 295
10.2.6 Ghost fishing 296
10.2.7 Interaction between seabirds and fisheries 297
10.3 Selected examples of EU fisheries having significant ecological side-effects and the related management actions 297
10.3.1 Discards in EU fisheries„the case of the North Sea Flatfish Fisheries 297
10.3.2 North Sea beam trawl fishery„effects on the benthic community 300
10.3.3 Industrial fisheries for sandeel in the North Sea„effects on food resources for seabirds 303
10.3.4 Gillnet and mid-water trawl fisheries in the North Sea„Effects on small cetaceans 305
10.3.5 Driftnets for large pelagic species in the Mediterranean„effects on marine mammals 306
10.3.6 Bottom trawls in the Mediterranean littoral zone„effects on sensitive habitats 307
10.4 Current European fisheries management systems and ecological side-effects of fishing 308
10.5 Conclusions 310
References 311
11 Fisheries-Based Management and Advice in Europe 318
11.1 Introduction 318
11.2 Context of the European Common Fisheries Policy 319
11.3 Fishery-based management and advice in the CFP 320
11.3.1 The North East Atlantic (NEA) 320
11.3.2 The Mediterranean 321
11.4 Towards fishery-based advice and management 322
11.4.1 The MTAC model 322
11.4.2 Data 324
11.4.3 Relative stability and alternative management regimes 324
Conclusion 326
Acknowledgements 327
References 327
12 The Requirements of an Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management 330
12.1 Introduction 330
12.2 The Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management„What is it? 331
12.2.1 The concept 331
12.2.2 Management objectives 333
12.2.3 Making high level objectives operational 334
12.2.4 Indicators 334
12.2.5 Dealing with uncertainty, complexity and subtle change 337
12.3 Management tools 340
12.3.1 MPAs 340
12.3.2 Gear modifications 342
12.3.3 Eco-labelling 343
12.4 Conclusions 346
References 347
13 Delivering Complex Scientific Advice to Multiple Stakeholders 352
13.1 Introduction 352
13.2 Defining the problem 354
13.2.1 The precautionary principle and the form of advice 354
13.2.2 Creating a useful common picture of the situation 355
13.3 The dimensions of the problem of formulating advice 358
13.3.1 Multiple scales 358
13.3.2 Multiple uses and multiple users 361
13.3.3 Multiple objectives 362
13.3.4 Multiple costs 363
13.4 Modelling reality and the forms of advice 364
13.4.1 Dealing with complexity and uncertainty in the provision of advice through models 364
13.4.2 Communication knowledge and advice using models 367
13.4.3 Use of indicators for communicating and relaying information 368
13.5 The development of fisheries management strategies 369
13.6 Conclusion 373
References 374
14 Non-Compliance and Fisheries Policy Formulation 378
14.1 Introduction 378
14.2 Non-compliance, the knowledge base and fisheries policy formulation 379
14.3 Models of individuals’ behaviour and non-compliance 381
14.4 Empirical studies of compliance in fisheries 386
14.5 The relationship between non-compliance and the management regime 388
14.6 Modelling non-compliance 389
14.7 Conclusions 391
References 392
Section 3 Scenario Modelling as Support for Fisheries Management System Evaluation 398
15 Operational Management Procedures: An Introduction to the Use of Evaluation Frameworks 402
15.1 Introduction 402
15.2 Rationale 404
15.3 Management objectives 405
15.4 Description of OMP approach 408
15.5 Modelling considerations 410
15.5.1 Modelling uncertainty 410
15.5.2 Constructing operating models 411
15.6 Comparing the OMP and conventional approaches 414
15.7 Practical examples 416
15.7.1 Icelandic cod 416
15.7.2 International Whaling Commission 418
15.7.3 South African sardine and anchovy 422
15.8 Discussion 424
Acknowledgements 426
References 426
16 Management Strategy Evaluation (MSE) and Management Procedure (MP) Implementations in Practice: A Review of Constraints, Roles and Solutions 432
16.1 Introduction 432
16.2 MSE and MP implementations: The challenges 433
16.2.1 Conflicting objectives 433
16.2.2 Resistance among decision-makers 434
16.2.3 Lack of technical and economic resources 435
16.2.4 Stakeholder reluctance 436
16.2.5 The communication gap 437
16.2.6 The difficulty of including users’ knowledge in scientific assessment 437
16.3 The role of the different parties during the implementation process 438
16.3.1 The role of the institutional setup 438
16.3.2 The role of scientists in the process of implementation 439
16.3.3 The role of stakeholders: Stakeholders’ knowledge inclusion and active participation in the process 439
16.4 Finding solutions: Bridging the gap between the parties 441
Acknowledgements 442
References 443
Section 4 Summary and Conclusions 446
17 The Role of Science within Modern Management Processes with the Development of Model-Based Evaluation Tools 448
17.1 Introduction 448
17.2 Meeting new management challenges 449
17.3 The knowledge base for modern management 451
17.3.1 Decision-making with uncertain knowledge 451
17.3.2 Management option evaluation by scenario modelling 452
17.3.3 Towards an integrated management approach 453
17.3.4 Constraints for introducing modern management procedures 454
17.4 The role of science 455
17.4.1 Science for scenario modelling 456
17.4.2 Stakeholder participation 457
17.5 Conclusion 458
Acknowledgements 459
References 459
Acronyms 460
Index 466