Epilepsy and Sleep (eBook)

Cover 1
Copyright Page 5
Contents 6
Contributors 16
Preface 18
Chapter 1. Relationship of Epilepsy and Sleep: Overview 20
Introduction 21
Effect of Sleep on Epilepsy 21
Effect of Epilepsy on Sleep 31
Effect of Antiepileptic Drugs on Sleep 33
Use of Sleep and Sleep Deprivation in the Evaluation of Epilepsy 34
References 34
Chapter 2. Electrophysiology of Sleep 38
Introduction 38
Oscillatory Nature of the Electroencephalogram 39
Brain Structures Involved in Sleep Oscillations 40
Sleep Oscillations 42
Interactions between Sleep Oscillations in Intact Brains 51
How Do Sleep Oscillations Develop into Spike–Wave Seizures? 54
References 56
Chapter 3. Physiology Underlying Relationship of Epilepsy and Sleep 62
Introduction 62
Methods and Results 63
Discussion 70
Conclusions 77
References 78
Chapter 4. Sleep Deprivation and Epilepsy 82
Introduction 82
Effect of Sleep on Epileptiform Discharges 83
Activating Effect of Sleep Deprivation on Epileptiform Discharges on the Electroencephalogram 86
Effect of Sleep Deprivation on Seizures 89
Effect of Seizures on Nocturnal Sleep and Daytime Function 90
Experimental Data 91
Summary 91
References 91
Chapter 5. Generalized Epilepsy and Sleep 94
Introduction 94
Relations of Epileptic Seizures to Sleep–Wake Cycle 95
Sleep Pattern of Patients with Generalized Epilepsy 96
Relation of Epileptiform Discharges to the Sleep–Wake Cycle and Sleep Stages in Generalized Epilepsy 97
Sleep Deprivation 98
Effects of Antiepileptic Drugs on Sleep 98
Summary 100
References 100
Chapter 6. Focal Epilepsy and Sleep 104
Introduction 104
Video Electroencephalography Polysomnography 105
Interictal Spiking during Sleep 106
Modification of Sleep Architecture in Epilepsy 109
Nocturnal Seizures and Epilepsy 110
Effect of Antiepileptic Drugs on Sleep 115
Conclusions 116
References 117
Chapter 7. Epilepsy in the Neonate and Infant and Sleep 120
Introduction 121
Unique Aspects of the Ultradian Sleep Rhythm of the Fetus and Neonate 122
Sleep Reorganization during Infancy 126
Epileptic Syndromes during Neonatal/Infancy Periods 127
Summary 137
References 137
Chapter 8. Cyclic Alternating Pattern and Sleep 140
Epilepsy and Vigilance States 141
Sleep Propensity and Body Temperature Rhythms 142
Sleep Intensity and Slow-Wave Sleep 143
Nonrapid Eye Movement/Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Cycle 144
Dynamics of Thalamic Neurons during Sleep 145
Low-Frequency ( < 1 Hz) Oscillations in the Human Sleep Electroencephalogram
Cyclic Alternating Pattern as a Marker of Sleep Instability 147
Scoring of Cyclic Alternating Pattern Parameters 148
Effects of Cyclic Alternating Pattern on Epileptic Events 151
Arousal Mechanisms and Location of Interictal Foci 158
Modulatory Effects of Phase A Subtypes 158
Cyclic Alternating Pattern and Nocturnal Motor Seizures 160
Neurophysiological Bases of Electroencephalographic Synchrony 163
Comprehensive Overview 164
Conclusions 167
References 168
Chapter 9. Electrical Status Epilepticus of Sleep 174
Introduction 175
Clinical and Neurophysiological Features 176
Differential Diagnosis 183
Treatment 185
Conclusions 186
References 187
Chapter 10. Acquired Epileptic Aphasia 192
Introduction 193
Definition 193
Epidemiology 194
Clinical Features 194
Current Problems 203
References 205
Chapter 11. Sleep Disorders in Epilepsy 210
Introduction 210
Primary Sleep Disorders in Patients with Epilepsy 211
Sleep Complaints and Sleep Hygiene 213
Effects of Seizures on Sleep and Vigilance 214
Antiepileptic Drug Effects on Sleep and Vigilance 215
Predictors of Sleepiness in Epilepsy 217
References 218
Chapter 12. Non-Rapid Eye Movement Parasomnias 222
Introduction 223
Arousal Disorders 224
Sleep–Wake Transition Disorders 229
Other Parasomnias 232
References 236
Chapter 13. Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder 240
Introduction 241
Animal Model of Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder: Paradox Lost 241
Clinical Features of Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder 244
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder: Diagnostic Methods 248
Minimum Diagnostic Criteria of Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder 249
Treatment of Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder 249
Differential Diagnosis of Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder 250
Associated Findings in Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder 250
Conclusion 256
References 256
Chapter 14. Nocturnal Paroxysmal Dystonia and Frontal Lobe Epilepsy 260
Nocturnal Paroxysmal Motor Phenomena 260
Nocturnal Frontal Lobe Epilepsy 263
Autosomal Dominant Frontal Lobe Epilepsy 264
Summary 265
References 266
Chapter 15. Cataplexy 270
Introduction 270
Clinical Features 272
Pathophysiology of Cataplexy 275
Pharmacological Manipulations in Cataplexy 276
Conclusion 279
References 279
Chapter 16. Video Electroencephalography and Polysomnography 282
Introduction 283
Epilepsy 283
Parasomnia 285
Psychogenic Seizures 286
Video Electroencephalography–Polysomnography 286
Technical Aspects 288
Case Examples 291
Summary 302
References 302
Chapter 17. Postictal State 304
Introduction 305
Postictal Delirium/Psychosis 305
Postictal Lethargy/Confusion 306
Postictal Sleep 307
Postictal Coma/Encephalopathy 309
References 310
Index 312