Cocaine Abuse (eBook)

Cover 1
Copyright Page 5
Contents 8
Contributors 16
Foreword 20
Preface 24
Chapter 1. Basic Pharmacological Mechanisms of Cocaine 26
Introduction 26
Regulation of Transporter Function 27
Neurochemical Effects of Cocaine Measured in Vivo 30
Acute and Chronic Effects of Cocaine on Receptors 33
Molecular Mechanisms of Cocaine Effects 36
Summary 38
References 38
Chapter 2. Neuroanatomical Bases of the Reinforcing Stimulus Effects of Cocaine 46
Introduction 46
The Mesoaccumbens Ascending Dopaminergic Pathway 47
The Medial Prefrontal Cortex 56
The Amygdala's Role in Behavioral Effects of Self-Administered Cocaine 60
Newly Charted Territories: Subiculum, Basal Nucleus, and Pedunculopontine 64
Summary and Implications for Cortico-Striato-Pallido-Thalamic Circuitry 66
References 69
Chapter 3. Behavioral Pharmacology of Cocaine and the Determinants of Abuse Liability 76
Introduction 76
Psychomotor-Stimulant Effects of Cocaine 77
Interoceptive Effects of Cocaine 81
Contextual Determinants of the Reinforcing Effects of Cocaine 87
Alternatives to Cocaine Self-Administration 92
Suppression of Cocaine-Maintained Responding 95
Summary 99
References 99
Chapter 4. Behavioral-Environmental Determinants of the Reinforcing Functions of Cocaine 106
Introduction 106
Evaluation of Cocaine Reinforcement 107
Experimental Events Modulating Cocaine Reinforcement 112
Environmental Context 115
Processes Modulating Reinforcement 121
Summary 125
References 125
Chapter 5. Tolerance and Sensitization to Cocaine: An Integrated View 132
Introduction 132
Tolerance 134
Sensitization 139
Tolerance and Sensitization in Cocaine Abuse 147
References 152
Chapter 6. Preclinical Evaluation of Pharmacotherapies for Cocaine Abuse 160
Introduction 160
Drug Discrimination 162
Intravenous Drug Self-Administration 166
Antibodies to Cocaine 175
Conclusions 177
References 178
Chapter 7. Prenatal Exposure to Cocaine 184
Introduction 184
Case Studies 185
Epidemiological Studies 187
Nonhuman Experimental Studies 191
Conclusions 196
References 197
Chapter 8. Cocaine Self-Administration Research: Implications for Rational Pharmacotherapy 206
Introduction 206
Ethical and Safety Issues Involved in Administering Cocaine to Humans 207
Assessing Cocaine Self-Administration in Human Research Participants 212
The Use of Cocaine Self-Administration Procedures to Inform Cocaine Pharmacotherapy 219
Conclusion 227
References 228
Chapter 9. Evaluation of Potential Pharmacotherapies: Response to Cocaine Challenge in the Human Laboratory 234
Introduction 234
Mechanisms of Pharmacotherapy 235
Approaches to Pharmacotherapy Development 236
Studies of Potential Pharmacotherapies Using the Laboratory Challenge Method 237
Conclusions 258
References 260
Chapter 10. Controlled Laboratoy Studies on the Effects of Cocaine in Combination with Other Commonly Abused Drugs in Humans 264
Introduction 264
Patterns of Multiple Drug Abuse among Cocaine Abusers 265
Cocaine–Alcohol Combinations 266
Cocaine–Opioid Combinations 274
Cocaine–Marijuana Combinations 277
Cocaine–Nicotine Combinations 280
Summary and Directions of Future Research 282
References 283
Chapter 11. Cocaine Effects on Brain Function 290
Introduction 290
Effects of Cocaine on Brain Electrical Activity 291
Cocaine-Induced Euphoria„Correlates with Brain Function 294
Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 299
Coregistration of Imaging Technologies 306
Summary and Conclusions 306
References 307
Chapter 12. The Contribution of Genetic Factors in Cocaine and Other Durg Abuse 314
Introduction 314
Genetic Influence in Vulnerability to Drug Abuse 315
Environmental Influence in Vulnerability to Drug Abuse 325
How Do Genes and the Environment Interact? 328
References 331
Chapter 13. Vulnerability to Cocaine Abuse 338
Introduction 338
Epidemiologic Studies 340
Conceptual Framework 346
Reinforcement Processes 351
Environmental Risk Factors for Cocaine Use 355
Conclusion 362
References 363
Chapter 14.Treating Cocaine Abuse: What Does Research Tell Us ? 368
Introduction 368
Treating Cocaine Abuse 369
Summary 381
References 382
Chapter 15. Treatment of Cocaine Abuse in Methadone Maintenance Patients 388
Introduction 388
Methadone 389
Pharmacological Treatments 393
Psychosocial and Behavioral Treatments 397
Other Treatments 405
Summary and Conclusions 405
References 409
Chapter 16. Relapse to Cocaine Use 414
Definitions 414
Theoretical Models of Relapse 415
Prediction of Relapse to Cocaine 417
Treatments to Prevent Cocaine Relapse 425
Summary 427
References 427
Chapter 17. Cocaine Legalization: Designing the Experiments 434
Introduction 434
Brief History of Controls on Cocaine Availability 435
Cocaine Legalization: Hypotheses versus Value Statements 435
Factors Influencing Prevalence of Use 436
Cocaine Toxicity 439
What to Study: Models of Legalization 441
Research Needs 447
Conclusions 451
References 452
Index 456