Academic Freedom Under Pressure?

lt;p> Margrit Seckelmann is managing director of the German Research Institute for Public Administration in Speyer. Furthermore, she is professor at the German University for Administrative Sciences Speyer. Before coming to Speyer, she worked with the Max Planck Institute for European Legal History in Frankfurt am Main and obtained her doctoral degree from the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University. She studied law (first and second state exam) and history (M. A.) in Heidelberg and Berlin. Science law is one of her fields of interests. Thus, her habilitation (Speyer) deals with "Evaluation und Recht" (published in 2018). She has been a visiting scholar in Switzerland (University of Zurich), Italy (European Academy Bolzano) and the United States (Indiana University, Bloomington, and University of California, Santa Barbara).

Lorenza Violini is full professor of constitutional and public comparative law at the University of Milan. She studied law at the University of Siena before obtaining a Diploma en Droit Comparé de l'Environment in Strasbourg (1979) and a Master of Comparative Law at the University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, USA (1983). She has been fellow at the Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg - Germany (1980-1982), visiting scholar at the Bethlehem University - Palestine (2006), and since 2011 she is a permanent fellow of the Center for Ethics and Culture at the University of Notre Dame - Indiana, USA. From 1984 to 2002, she has worked at the University of Pavia. Prof. Violini is author and co-editor of hundreds of publications in the field of constitutional law, multilevel governance, human rights protection and, comparative public law. Among her books are: Bundesrat e Camera delle regioni: due modelli alternativi a confronto (1989); L'Europa e l'Università (1992); The fragmented landscape of fundamental rights protection in Europe: the role of judicial and non-judicial actors (2019); Una forma di stato a regionalismo differenziato? Percorsi e argomenti per l'attuazione dell'art. 116, III comma, Cost. (2021).

Cristina Fraenkel-Haeberle coordinates the research program European Administrative Space at the German Research Institute for Public Administration Speyer. She is also professor for public law at the German University of Administrative Sciences. Her main research interests are in European and national administrative law, university and environmental law, as well as democracy studies. She has written and co-edited several books, such as Giurisdizione sul silenzio e discrezionalità amministrativa (2004); Poteri di autotutela e legittimo affidamento: il caso tedesco (2008); Die Universität im Mehrebenensystem (2014); Citizen Participation in Multi-level Democracies (2015); Europäisierung und Internationalisierung im Vergleich: Deutsch-Italienische Analysen zur Denationalisierung der Öffentlichen Verwaltung (2017); Praxis der Richtlinienumsetzung im Europäischen Verwaltungsverbund (2020).

Giada Ragone, is research fellow and lecturer in constitutional law at the University of Milan. She developed her studies through sundry research experiences in Italy and abroad, including: Ph.D. in law, market, and person at Ca' Foscari University of Venice (2016); visiting scholar at Max Planck Institute of Heidelberg (Germany) and visiting scholar at the Center for Ethics and Culture, University of Notre Dame (USA. She has authored and co-edited several publications, among which are the following books: The Dissenting Opinion. Selected essays, edited with N. Zanon (2019) and Eine empirische Wende? La Corte costituzionale e le sfide della complessità tecnico-scientifica (2020).

Introduction: The Multiple Expressions of Academic Freedom.- Part I:Academic Freedom in Europe.- Science and the European Dimension of Freedom of the Arts and Science.- Freedom of Research and Academic Teaching in the European Union.- Freedom of Scientific Research in the European Research Area: Weaknesses and Strengths.- Academic Freedom and Cross-Border Cooperation: Conceptual Reflections and a Contextual Analysis in Relation to the South Tyrol Alpine Borderland.- Part II: New Challenge.- The State of Academic Freedom in Hungary - The Saga of the Central European University and the Research Network of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in Light of National and European Guarantees of Academic Freedom. The Covid-19 Pandemic as a Challenge for Academia and Academic Freedom - An Italian Perspective.- Academic Freedom and the Use of Native Languages.- Part III: Threats to Freedom of Teaching and Research in the Light of a "Governance by Numbers".- Academic Freedom, University Autonomy (Work in Progress) and the Striving towards Accountability - An Italian Perspective.- Evaluation, Projectification, Governance by Numbers and their Impact on Academic Research - The German Perspective.- University Autonomy: Just One Step on a Long Road Ahead.- Automated Decisions, Research Quality Assessment and Step-Based Salary System: Potential Dangers for Academic Freedom in Italy.- Part IV: The New Role of Universities and the Freedom of Science and Teaching.- Private Higher Education and Academic Freedom.- Open Access Publication and Academic Freedom in the Field of the Social Sciences and Humanities from a Constitutional Law Perspective in Italy.- The Third Mission of Universities: Technology Transfer and its Impact on Academic Freedom.- Do Ethics Commissions Promote or Endanger Academic Freedom?.- Ethical Codes and Speech Restrictions: New Scenarios and Constitutional Challenges to Freedom of Teaching at University - The Italian Perspective.- Trigger Warnings and Academic Freedom: a Pedagogic Perspective.- Autonomy and Interdependence: the Relationship of Experts and Laypeople in Science from a Sociological Perspective.