Olive Processing Waste Management (eBook)

front cover 1
copyright 5
table of contents 8
front matter 12
Foreword to the First Edition 12
Foreword to the Second Edition 16
body 18
Part I Background Information 18
Chapter 1 Introduction 20
Olive and Oil Production Statistics 20
Olive Growing and Environmental Effects 25
The Problem of Olive Processing Wastes 26
Current Practices for Olive Processing Waste Management 31
Spain 31
Italy 32
Greece 32
Turkey 33
Tunisia 34
Portugal 34
France 34
Cyprus 35
Croatia 35
Malta 35
Terminology 36
Reviews in the Prior Art 36
Chapter 2 Characterization of Olive Processing Waste 40
The Olive Fruit 40
Olive By-Products 41
Pruning and Harvest Residues 41
Types of Olive-Mill Extraction By-Products 45
Experimental Techniques 68
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) 70
Total Organic Nitrogen 70
Total Organic Carbon (TOC) 70
Lipid Characterization 70
Total Carbohydrate Characterization 70
Phenol Characterization 71
Determination of Partition Coefficient (Kp) 77
Analysis of Metal Cations and Inorganic Anions 77
Antioxidant Activity 78
Identification of Bacteria 80
Animal Feed Analysis 80
Chapter 3 Environmental Effects 82
Effects on Soil 82
Effects on Soil Physical Properties 83
Effects on Soil Chemical Properties 85
Effects on Soil Biological Properties 90
Effects on Water 94
Effects on Atmosphere 97
Chapter 4 The Effect of Olive-Mill Technology 100
Evolution of Production Methods 100
Crushing 101
Pressing 104
Oil Separation 108
Olive Oil Production Systems 109
Pressing Process (Traditional or Classical System) 112
Centrifugation 113
Stone-Removing Process 118
Percolation (Selective Filtering) 119
Electrophoresis 120
Chemical Separation 121
Part II Treatment Processes 122
Chapter 5 Physical Processes 124
Dilution 124
Sedimentation/Settling 125
Flotation 126
Centrifugation 127
Filtration 129
Membrane Technology (Microfiltration, Ultrafiltration, Nanofiltration, and Reverse Osmosis) 130
Chapter 6 Thermal Processes 140
Physico-Thermal Processes 140
Evaporation/Distillation 140
Drying 146
Irreversible Thermo-Chemical Processes 148
Combustion 148
Pyrolysis 150
Lagooning 152
Chapter 7 Physico-Chemical Processes 156
Neutralization 156
Precipitation/Flocculation 157
Inorganic Flocculants 159
Organic Flocculants 164
Adsorption 168
Chemical Oxidation Processes 171
Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) 173
Wet Oxidation 180
Electro-Chemical Oxidation 181
Ion Exchange 185
Chapter 8 Biological Processes 188
Anaerobic Processes 188
Up-Flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) Reactor 191
Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR) 192
Combinations and Comparisons Among Various Reactors 193
Co-Digestion 197
Conclusions Regarding Anaerobic Bioreactors 199
Landfills 201
Aerobic Processes 202
Attached-Growth (Biofilm, Fixed-Film) 202
Suspended-Growth 205
Conclusions Regarding Aerobic Bioreactors 209
Use of Specific Aerobic Microorganisms 209
Aerobic-Anaerobic Processes 220
Composting 221
Phytoremediation (Wetlands) 227
Irrigation of Agricultural Land/Land Spreading 231
Chapter 9 Combined and Miscellaneous Processes 236
Part III Utilization 250
Chapter 10 Uses 252
Use as Fertilizer/Soil Conditioner 255
Use as Herbicide/Pesticide 262
Use in Animal Feeding and Human Consumption 267
Recovery of Residual Oil 272
Recovery of Organic Compounds 275
Pectins 275
Antioxidants 276
Enzymes 288
Production of Various Products 289
Alcohols 289
Biosurfactants 291
Biopolymers 293
Activated Carbons 294
Generation of Energy 295
Miscellaneous 306
Part IV Table Olives 310
Chapter 11 Table Olives 312
Introduction 312
Characterization of Table Olive Processing Waste 315
Effect of Table Olive Processing 319
Environmental Effects 321
Physical Processes 322
Thermal Processes 324
Physico-Chemical Processes 326
Flocculation/Adsorption 326
Chemical Oxidation Processes 327
Biological Processes 329
Combined and Miscellaneous Processes 331
Uses 335
Part V Economic and Legislative Overview 338
Chapter 12 Economic Evaluation 340
Chapter 13 Legislative Aspects and Environmental Policies 346
EU Policies 346
The Case of Italy 347
Proposals 349
Supplement 350
Appendix 1: Major EU Research Projects 352
Appendix 2: Databases 354
Appendix 3: International Organizations 356
Appendix 4: National Associations/Institutions/Research Laboratories 358
back matter 360
Bibliography 360
Literature 360
Patents 426
Glossary 458
Index 476
List of Authors 492
List of Patents 512