Alcohol, Drugs, and Impaired Driving

Dr. AW Jones was born in Wales, UK, but has lived and worked in Sweden for over 40 years. He recently retired from his appointment as senior scientist at Sweden's National Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Division of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology (Linköping, Sweden). Dr. Jones currently serves as a guest Professor in Forensic Toxicology at the Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Linköping, Sweden. Dr. Jones received his first degree (BSc honors class II division I) in chemistry in 1969 and followed this with a PhD degree in 1974, both were awarded by the University of Wales (Cardiff, UK). His PhD thesis was entitled "Equilibrium partition studies of alcohol in biological fluids" and dealt with analytical and physiological aspects of blood and breath-alcohol testing for clinical and forensic purposes. Since 1973 Dr. Jones has been active in research on the pharmacology and toxicology of ethanol as well as many other drugs of abuse. He is particularly interested in methods for quantitative analysis in biological specimens, the disposition and fate of drugs in the body, and their detrimental effects on performance and behavior. In 1993 Dr. Jones was awarded a senior doctorate degree (DSc) by the University of Wales for his published work entitled "Methods of Analysis, Distribution and Metabolism in the Body and Biological Effects of Alcohol and Narcotics". Professor Jones has testified as an expert witness in criminal cases involving drunk and drugged driving, drug-facilitated sexual assault, and post-mortem toxicology and poisoning deaths. Besides hundreds of court appearances in Sweden, Dr. Jones has testified in Denmark, Ireland, New Zealand, Norway, UK, and in USA (states of New Jersey, Michigan, Arizona, Indiana, Delaware, and Massachusetts). Dr. Jones serves or has served on the editorial boards for ten international journals devoted to biomedical alcohol research, breath-analysis, forensic science, analytical toxicology, and legal medicine. Furthermore, he functions as ad hoc peer reviewer for papers submitted for publication to 60 other international journals. Dr Jones is author or coauthor of about 430 scientific articles, reviews, and book chapters, most of which are published in peer-reviewed journals. His work is not only well cited in scientific journal articles, but also in court cases concerned with driving under the influence of alcohol and/or other drugs. Professor Jørg G. Mørland received an M.D. degree from the University of Oslo in 1967 and a Ph.D. degree in pharmacology from the same university in 1975. Dr. Mørland is now a senior scientist at the Division of Health Data and Digitalization of the Norwegian Institute of Public Health and a professor emeritus at the University of Oslo. Throughout his professional career, Dr. Mørland has served as professor of pharmacology at the University of Oslo and the University of Tromsø (Tromsø, Norway), director of the former Norwegian National Institute of Forensic Toxicology, and was director of the Division of Forensic Medicine and Drug Abuse Research of the Norwegian Institute of Public Health (Oslo, Norway) until 2012. Dr. Mørland is a medical specialist in clinical pharmacology. His main research field is biomedical effects of alcohol and drugs of abuse, their metabolism and metabolic effects. He has been the principal supervisor for approximately 30 PhD students, as well as being the scientific project manager for several projects supported by the Research Council of Norway. Dr. Mørland has published more than 400 articles in peer-reviewed journals on pharmacology, toxicology, forensic medicine, neuroscience, alcoholism, epidemiology, drug analysis, and road-traffic safety. He has also written more than 8,000 expert-witness statements for the police and courts in Norway, and has appeared hundreds of times as an expert witness in courts at all levels in Norway as well as in some Swedish courts. Dr. Mørland was the recipient of a Widmark Award from the International Council on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety (ICADTS) in 2004. Dr. Ray Liu took a degree in law form the police academy (now Central Police University) in Taipei, Taiwan before coming to Indiana University (Bloomington, IN) to study forensic science under the guidance of Professor Robert F. Borkenstein with internship training in Dr. Doug Lucas’s laboratory (Centre of Forensic Sciences in Toronto, Canada). He then studied towards a PhD degree in the Department of Chemistry, Southern Illinois University (Carbondale, IL), which was awarded in 1976. Dr. Liu has held positions at the University of Illinois at Chicago (Chicago, IL); US Environmental Protection Agency’s Central Regional Laboratory (Chicago, IL); and US Department of Agriculture’s Eastern Regional Research Center (Philadelphia, PA) and Southern Regional Research Center (New Orleans, LA). He was a faculty member at the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) for 20 years (serving as the director of the University’s Graduate Program in Forensic Science for the last 10 years), retired in 2004, and was granted the "professor emeritus" status in 2005. Following his retirement from UAB, Dr. Liu taught at Fooyin University (Kaohsiung, Taiwan) for eight years (2004– 2012). Dr. Liu’s scientific research has mainly concerned analytical aspects of drugs of abuse (criminalistics and toxicology), with a significant number of publications in each of the following subject matters: enantiomeric analysis, quantitative determination using isotopic analogs as internal standards, correlation of immunoassay and GC-MS test results, specimen source differentiation, and analytical method development. Dr. Liu has authored/edited (or coauthored/coedited) approximately 150 journal articles, book chapters, and books. Dr. Liu holds professor emeritus status in the Department of Criminal Justice, UAB. He is the editor- in-chief of Forensic Science Review; serves in the editorial boards of several journals; and is ad hoc peer reviewer for many other international journals.

I: History of Driving Under the Influence

1. Driving Under the Influence of Psychoactive Substances — A Historical Review

II: Other Historical Events of Interest

2: Professor Robert F. Borkenstein — An Appreciation of His Life and Work

3: Epidemiology of Alcohol-Related Accidents and the Grand Rapids Study

4: Methods for the Analysis of Ethanol in Bood and Breath for Legal Purposes — A Historical Review

III: Forensic Issues Involving Alcohol

5: Forensic Science Aspects of Ethanol Pharmacokinetics

6: Use of Punishable Limits of Alcohol Concentration in Blood and Breath in Traffic-Law Enforcement—Some Advantages and Limitations

7: Methodology and Quality Assurance in Forensic Breath Alcohol Analysis

8: Examples of Legal Challenges and Court Decisions Related to Forensic Breath-Alcohol Analysis

9: Biomarkers for the Identification of Alcohol Use/Abuse: Update and Critical Review

IV: Driving Under the Influence of Non-Alcohol Drugs

10: Driving Under the Influence of Non-Alcohol Drugs

11: Driving Under the Influence of Non-Alcohol Drugs — An Update. Part I: Epidemiological Studies

12: Driving Under the Influence of Non-Alcohol Drugs — An Update. Part II: Experimental Studies

13: International Trends in Alcohol and Drug Use Among Motor Vehicle Drivers

V: Epidemiology, Enforcement, and Countermeasures

14: Alcohol Limits and Public Safety

15: Methodologies for Determining the Relationship between Alcohol/Drug Use and Driving Impairment —Differences between Epidemiological, Experimental and Real-Case Studies

16: Countermeasures for Reducing Alcohol-Related Crashes — Importance of Alcohol Interlock Devices in Reducing Recidivism

17: Approaches for Reducing Impaired Driving: Evidence-Based Legislation, Law Enforcement Strategies, Sanctions for Impaired Driving Offenders, and Alcohol and Drug Control Policies