Principles of Insect Pathology

1. Insect-Pathogen Relationships.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Sites of Pathogen Entry.- 3. Insect Integument.- 4. Insect Alimentary Tract.- 5. Spread of Pathogens in the Host Insect.- 6. Survival and Replication of Pathogens in the Insect.- 7. Mechanisms of Cell and Tissue Damage.- 8. Pathogen Egress and Transmission.- 2. General Features of Viral Disease Agents.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Morphology of Insect Viruses.- 3. Composition of Insect Viruses.- 4. Insect Viruses as Etiological Agents of Disease.- 5. Viral Pathogenesis.- 3. Major Groups of Insect Viruses.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Group I (dsDNA viruses).- 3. Group II (ssDNA Viruses).- 4. Group III (dsRNA Viruses).- 5. Group IV (+ ssRNA Viruses).- 6. GroupV (- ssRNA Viruses).- 7. Group VI: Retrovirus-like Particles (Insect Transposable Elements).- 4. Baculoviruses.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Structural Components of Baculoviruses.- 3. Gene Organization.- 4. Baculovirus Cell Cycle.- 5. Baculovirus-Insect Associations.- 5. Characteristics of the Pathogenic Prokaryotes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Bacterial Characteristics.- 3. Bacterial Growth and Metabolism.- 4. Bacterial Genetics.- 5. Detection of Bacterial Pathogens.- 6. Bacterial Pathogenicity.- 6. Insect Pathogenic Bacteria.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Entomopathogenic Gracilicutes.- 3. Entomopathogenic Firmicutes: Gram Positive, Walled Eubacteria.- 4. Tenericutes: The Cell Wall-less Eubacteria.- 7. Bacillus Thuringiensis: Producer of Potent Insecticidal Toxins.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Isolation and Detection of Bacillus thuringiensis.- 3. Exoenzymes and Exotoxins of Bacillus thuringiensis.- 4. Structure and Diversity of the Delta (?) Endotoxins.- 5. Genetics of Delta Endotoxin Synthesis.- 6. Biosynthesis of Delta Endotoxins.- 7. Mode of Action of the Delta Endotoxins.- 8. Genetic Engineering of Bacillus thuringiensis.- 8. General Properties of Fungal Pathogens.- 1. Introduction to the Fungal Kingdom.- 2. Fungal Characteristics.- 3. Structure and Formation of the Fungal Cell Wall.- 4. The Entomogenous Fungi.- 5. History.- 6. Fungal Disease Symptoms.- 7. The Non-Pathogenic Entomogenous Fungi.- 8. Fungal Pathogenicity.- 9. Pathogenicity and the Infection Pathway.- 9. Entomopathogenic Fungi: “Perfect” Phyla.- 1. The Entomopathogenic Water Molds and Chytrids.- 2. The True Fungi.- 10. Entomopathogenic Fungi: Fungi Imperfecti.- 1. Hyphomycetes.- 2. Nomuraea rileyi: A Dimorphic Hyphomycete.- 3. Beauveria bassiana: A Toxin-Producing Biocontrol Agent.- 4. Metarhizium anisopliae: Cuticle-Degrading Enzymes.- 5. Genus Paecilomyces.- 6. Verticillium lecanii: A Mycopathogen of Homopterans.- 7. Culicinomyces clavisporus: A Hyphomycete of Vector Mosquitos.- 8. Sorosporella-Syngliocladium: Alternate States of a Hyphomycete.- 9. Hirsutella thompsonii, Tolypocladium, and Aspergillus: Production of Secondary Metabolites.- 10. Coelomycetes.- 11. The Entomopathogenic Fungi: Conclusions.- 11. Insect Pathogenic Protozoa.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Phylum Apicomplexa.- 3. Phylum Ciliophora.- 4. Phylum Rhizopoda.- 5. Phylum Zoomastigina.- 12. Phylum Microsporidia.- 1. Introduction.- 2. General Structure and Biology.- 3. The Identification and Systematics of Microsporidia.- 4. Representative Genera of Insect Microsporidia.- 13. Insect Immune Defense System, Part I: Innate Defense Reactions.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Invertebrate Members of the Ig Supergene Family.- 3. Innate Immunity.- 14. Insect Immune Defense System, Part II: the Recognition of Nonself.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Phagocytic Cells.- 3. The Phagocytic Process.- 15. Insect Immune Defense System, Part III: Prophenoloxidase Cascade and Post-Attachment Processes of Phagocytosis.- 1. Insect Phenoloxidase.- 2. Phenoloxidase-Related Specific Immune Defense Activities.- 3. Post-Attachment Processes of Phagocytosis.- 4. Microbial Evasion of Cellular Immune Response.- 5. Summary.