Natural Hazards and the Mitigation of their Impact

Introduction .- 1 General analysis of natural hazards.- 1.1 Natural hazards and their types.- 1.2 Interpretation and definitions of natural hazards.- 1.3 Overall impacts and consequences of natural hazards in numbers.- 1.3.1 Human aspects of natural hazards and disasters.- 1.3.2 Economic aspects of natural hazards and disasters.- 1.4 Logical steps for reducing the impacts of natural hazards.- 1.5 Management of natural hazards.- 2 Geophysical hazards.- 2.1 Natural hazards posed by volcanic activity and mitigation options.- 2.1.1 The formation and spatial distribution of volcanoes .- 2.1.2 The intensity of volcanic activity.- 2.1.3 Consequences of volcanic activity and related hazards.- 2.1.4 Relationship of volcanism to other natural hazards.- 2.1.5 Forecasting and mitigating volcanic hazards  .- 2.1.6 Monitoring volcanic activity.- 2.1.7 Issues related to forecasting volcanic eruptions .- 2.1.8 Technical tasks related to reducing volcanic damage.-2.1.9 Human tasks tackling to mitigate the impact of the hazard.- 3 Meteorological hazards - extreme meteorological events.- 3.1 Heat waves.- 3.1.1 Some spatial and temporal characteristics of heat waves.- 3.1.2 Effects of heat waves.- 3.1.3 Heat wave mitigation, responses to heat wave hazards.- 3.2 Cold waves .- 3.3 Fog hazard.- 3.3.1 Hazardous effects of fog and their mitigation.- 4 Hydrological hazards.- 4.1 Flood risk.- 4.1.1 Definition, concepts.- 4.1.2 Parameters used in flood analysis.- 4.1.3 Types and spatial aspects of floods.- 4.1.4 Some natural and social consequences of floods.- 4.1.5 Physical consequences of floods, bed formation.- 4.1.6 Flood (risk) management and mitigation.- 4.1.7 Expected trends in flood risk.- 4.2 Flash floods.- 4.2.1 Spatial and temporal characteristics of flash floods.- 4.2.2 Effects of flash floods and the damage they cause.- 4.2.3 Estimation of flash flood risk .- 4.2.4 Protection, mitigation, and adaptationstrategies.- 5 Biosphere-related natural hazards (Tímea Kiss).- 5.1 Human health epidemics.- 5.2 Plant and animal health epidemics.- 5.3 Rapid spread of species.- 5.3.1 Emergence of invasive species.- 5.3.2 Algal bloom.- 5.3.3 Insect invasions.- 5.4 Ecosystem changes and degradation.- 5.4.1 Forest degradation.- 5.4.2 Extinction of species.- 6 Extraterrestrial hazards (Robert Géczi).- 6.1 Cosmic objects related to the (hazard) process.- 6.2 Physical background and results of the impact process.- 6.3 Consequences of extraterrestrial effects.- 6.4 Mitigation options concerning the impact of the hazard.- 7 Climate change and its impacts.- 7.1 Physical background and trends in climate change.- 7.2 Some causes and consequences of climate change.- 7.3 Impact of climate change on inland ice sheets, glaciers, and oceans.- 7.4 Some options to mitigate the impacts of climate change.