MXenes

Yury Gogotsi is director of the A.J. Drexel Nanomaterials Institute, Distinguished University Professor and Charles T. and Ruth M. Bach Professor of Materials Science and Engineering at Drexel University. He received his MS in metallurgy (1984) and PhD in physical chemistry (1986) from Kyiv Polytechnic and DSc degree from the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences in 1995. He works on 2D carbides and nitrides (MXenes), which he discovered with his students and collaborators, and their applications in energy, environmental protection, electronics, and medicine.

INTRODUCTION

1. The Rise of MXenes

Yury Gogotsi and Babak Anasori

DISCOVERY

2. Two-Dimensional Nanocrystals Produced by Exfoliation of Ti3AlC2

Michael Naguib, Murat Kurtoglu, Volker Presser, Jun Lu, Junjie Niu, Min Heon, Lars Hultman, Yury Gogotsi, and Michel W. Barsoum

3. Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Carbides

Michael Naguib, Olha Mashtalir, Joshua Carle, Volker Presser, Jun Lu, Lars Hultman, Yury Gogotsi, and Michel W. Barsoum

4. Two-Dimensional, Ordered, Double Transition Metals Carbides

Babak Anasori, Yu Xie, Majid Beidaghi, Jun Lu, Brian C. Hosler, Lars Hultman, Paul R. C. Kent, Yury Gogotsi, and Michel W. Barsoum

5. Synthesis of Two-Dimensional Titanium Nitride Ti4N3

Patrick Urbankowski, Babak Anasori, Taron Makaryan, Dequan Er, Sankalp Kota, Patrick L. Walsh, Mengqiang Zhao, Vivek B. Shenoy, Michel W. Barsoum, and Yury Gogotsi

6. Synthesis of Mo4VAlC4 MAX Phase and Two-Dimensional Mo4VC4 MXene with Five Atomic Layers of Transition Metals

Grayson Deysher, Christopher Eugene Shuck, Kanit Hantanasirisakul, Nathan C. Frey, Alexandre C. Foucher, Kathleen Maleski, Asia Sarycheva, Vivek B. Shenoy, Eric A. Stach, Babak Anasori, and Yury Gogotsi

PROPERTIES

7. Electronic and Optical Properties of 2D Transition Metal Carbides and Nitrides

Kanit Hantanasirisakul and Yury Gogotsi

8. Elastic Properties of 2D Ti3C2Tx MXene Monolayers and Bilayers

Alexey Lipatov, Haidong Lu, Mohamed Alhabeb, Babak Anasori, Alexei Gruverman, Yury Gogotsi, and Alexander Sinitskii

9. Control of MXenes’ Electronic Properties through Termination and Intercalation

James L. Hart, Kanit Hantanasirisakul, Andrew C. Lang, Babak Anasori, David Pinto, Yevheniy Pivak, J. Tijn van Omme, Steven J. May, Yury Gogotsi, and Mitra L. Taheri

10. High-Temperature Behavior and Surface Chemistry of Carbide MXenes Studied by Thermal Analysis

Mykola Seredych, Christopher Eugene Shuck, David Pinto, Mohamed Alhabeb, Eliot Precetti, Grayson Deysher, Babak Anasori, Narendra Kurra, and Yury Gogotsi

11. Electrochromic Effect in Titanium Carbide MXene Thin Films Produced by Dip-Coating

Pol Salles, David Pinto, Kanit Hantanasirisakul, Kathleen Maleski, Christopher E. Shuck, and Yury Gogotsi

12. Effects of Synthesis and Processing on Optoelectronic Properties of Titanium Carbonitride MXene

Kanit Hantanasirisakul, Mohamed Alhabeb, Alexey Lipatov, Kathleen Maleski, Babak Anasori, Pol Salles, Chanoknan Ieosakulrat, Pasit Pakawatpanurut, Alexander Sinitskii, Steven J. May, and Yury Gogotsi

13. Raman Spectroscopy Analysis of the Structure and Surface Chemistry of Ti3C2Tx MXene

Asia Sarycheva and Yury Gogotsi

SYNTHESIS AND PROCESSING

14. Intercalation and Delamination of Layered Carbides and Carbonitrides

Olha Mashtalir, Michael Naguib, Vadym N. Mochalin, Yohan Dall’Agnese, Min Heon, Michel W. Barsoum, and Yury Gogotsi

15. Conductive Two-Dimensional Titanium Carbide ‘Clay’ with High Volumetric Capacitance

Michael Ghidiu, Maria R. Lukatskaya, Meng-Qiang Zhao, Yury Gogotsi, and Michel W. Barsoum

16. Amine-Assisted Delamination of Nb2C MXene for Li-Ion Energy Storage Devices

Olha Mashtalir, Maria R. Lukatskaya, Meng-Qiang Zhao, Michel W. Barsoum, and Yury Gogotsi

17. Guidelines for Synthesis and Processing of Two-Dimensional Titanium Carbide

Mohamed Alhabeb, Kathleen Maleski, Babak Anasori, Pavel Lelyukh, Leah Clark, Saleesha Sin, and Yury Gogotsi

18. Selective Etching of Silicon from Ti3SiC2 (MAX) to Obtain 2D Titanium Carbide (MXene)

Mohamed Alhabeb, Kathleen Maleski, Tyler S. Mathis, Asia Sarycheva, Christine B. Hatter, Simge Uzun, Ariana Levitt, and Yury Gogotsi

19. Additive-Free MXene Inks and Direct Printing of Micro-Supercapacitors

Chuanfang (John) Zhang, Lorcan McKeon, Matthias P. Kremer, Sang-Hoon Park, Oskar Ronan, Andrés Seral-Ascaso, Sebastian Barwich, Cormac Ó Coileáin, Niall McEvoy, Hannah C. Nerl, Babak Anasori, Jonathan N. Coleman, Yury Gogotsi, and Valeria Nicolosi

20. Additive-Free MXene Liquid Crystals and Fibers

Jizhen Zhang, Simge Uzun, Shayan Seyedin, Peter A. Lynch, Bilen Akuzum, Zhiyu Wang, Si Qin, Mohamed Alhabeb, Christopher E. Shuck, Weiwei Lei, E. Caglan Kumbur, Wenrong Yang, Xungai Wang, Genevieve Dion, Joselito M. Razal, and Yury Gogotsi

21. Scalable Manufacturing of Free-Standing, Strong Ti3C2Tx MXene Films with Outstanding Conductivity

Jizhen Zhang, Na Kong, Simge Uzun, Ariana Levitt, Shayan Seyedin, Peter A. Lynch, Si Qin, Meikang Han, Wenrong Yang, Jingquan Liu, Xungai Wang, Yury Gogotsi, and Joselito M. Razal

22. Scalable Synthesis of Ti3C2Tx MXene

Christopher E. Shuck, Asia Sarycheva, Mark Anayee, Ariana Levitt, Yuanzhe Zhu, Simge Uzun, Vitaliy Balitskiy, Veronika Zahorodna, Oleksiy Gogotsi, and Yury Gogotsi

COMPOSITES

23. Flexible and Conductive MXene Films and Nanocomposites with High Capacitance

Zheng Ling, Chang E. Ren, Meng-Qiang Zhao, Jian Yang, James M. Giammarco, Jieshan Qiu, Michel W. Barsoum, and Yury Gogotsi

24. Flexible MXene/Graphene Films for Ultrafast Supercapacitors with Outstanding Volumetric Capacitance

Jun Yan, Chang E. Ren, Kathleen Maleski, Christine B. Hatter, Babak Anasori, Patrick Urbankowski, Asya Sarycheva, and Yury Gogotsi

25. Cold Sintered Ceramic Nanocomposites of 2D MXene and Zinc Oxide

Jing Guo, Benjamin Legum, Babak Anasori, Ke Wang, Pavel Lelyukh, Yury Gogotsi, and Clive A Randall

26. Colloidal Gelation in Liquid Metals Enables Functional Nanocomposites of 2D Metal Carbides and Lightweight Metals

Vladislav Kamysbayev, Nicole M. James, Alexander S. Filatov, Vishwas Srivastava, Babak Anasori, Heinrich M Jaeger, Yury Gogotsi, and Dmitri V. Talapin

ENERGY STORAGE

27. MXene: A Promising Transition Metal Carbide Anode for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Michael Naguib, Jérémy Come, Boris Dyatkin, Volker Presser, Pierre-Louis Taberna, Patrice Simon, Michel W. Barsoum, and Yury Gogotsi

28. Cation Intercalation and High Volumetric Capacitance of Two-Dimensional Titanium Carbide

Maria R. Lukatskaya, Olha Mashtalir, Chang E. Ren, Yohan Dall’Agnese, Patrick Rozier, Pierre Louis Taberna, Michael Naguib, Patrice Simon, Michel W. Barsoum, and Yury Gogotsi

29. 2D Metal Carbides and Nitrides for Energy Storage

Babak Anasori, Maria R. Lukatskaya, and Yury Gogotsi

30. Ultra-High-Rate Pseudocapacitive Energy Storage in Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Carbides

Maria R. Lukatskaya, Sankalp Kota, Zifeng Lin, Meng-Qiang Zhao, Netanel Shpigel, Mikhael D. Levi, Joseph Halim, Pierre-Louis Taberna, Michel W. Barsoum, Patrice Simon, and Yury Gogotsi

31. Thickness-Independent Capacitance of Vertically Aligned Liquid-Crystalline MXenes

Yu Xia, Tyler S. Mathis, Meng-Qiang Zhao, Babak Anasori, Alei Dang, Zehang Zhou, Hyesung Cho, Yury Gogotsi, and Shu Yang

32. High Capacity Silicon Anodes Enabled by MXene Viscous Aqueous Ink

Chuanfang (John) Zhang, Sang-Hoon Park, Andrés Seral-Ascaso, Sebastian Barwich, Niall McEvoy, Conor S. Boland, Jonathan N. Coleman, Yury Gogotsi, and Valeria Nicolosi

33. Influences from Solvents on Charge Storage in Titanium Carbide MXenes

Xuehang Wang, Tyler S. Mathis, Ke Li, Zifeng Lin, Lukas Vlcek, Takeshi Torita, Naresh C. Osti, Christine Hatter, Patrick Urbankowski, Asia Sarycheva, Madhusudan Tyagi, Eugene Mamontov, Patrice Simon, and Yury Gogotsi

BIOMEDICAL, ENVIRONMENTAL, AND CATALYTIC APPLICATIONS

34. Charge- and Size-Selective Ion Sieving through Ti3C2Tx MXene Membranes

Chang E. Ren, Kelsey B. Hatzell, Mohamed Alhabeb, Zheng Ling, Khaled A. Mahmoud, and Yury Gogotsi

35. Single Platinum Atoms Immobilized on an MXene as an Efficient Catalyst for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction

Jinqiang Zhang, Yufei Zhao, Xin Guo, Chen Chen, Chung-Li Dong, Ru-Shi Liu, Chih-Pin Han, Yadong Li, Yury Gogotsi, and Guoxiu Wang

36. MXene Molecular Sieving Membranes for Highly Efficient Gas Separation

Li Ding, Yanying Wei, Libo Li, Tao Zhang, Haihui Wang, Jian Xue, Liang-Xin Ding, Suqing Wang, Jürgen Caro, and Yury Gogotsi

37. MXene Sorbents for Removal of Urea from Dialysate: A Step toward the Wearable Artificial Kidney

Fayan Meng, Mykola Seredych, Chi Chen, Victor Gura, Sergey Mikhalovsky, Susan Sandeman, Ganesh Ingavle, Tochukwu Ozulumba, Ling Miao, Babak Anasori, and Yury Gogotsi

38. A Gel-Free Ti3C2Tx-Based Electrode Array for High-Density, High-Resolution Surface Electromyography

Brendan B. Murphy, Patrick J. Mulcahey, Nicolette Driscoll, Andrew G. Richardson, Gregory T. Robbins, Nicholas V. Apollo, Kathleen Maleski, Timothy H. Lucas, Yury Gogotsi, Timothy Dillingham, and Flavia Vitale

APPLICATIONS IN OPTICS, ELECTRONICS AND SENSING

39. Electromagnetic Interference Shielding with 2D Transition Metal Carbides

Faisal Shahzad, Mohamed Alhabeb, Christine B. Hatter, Babak Anasori, Soon Man Hong, Chong Min Koo, and Yury Gogotsi

40. 2D Titanium Carbide for Wireless Communication

Asia Sarycheva, Alessia Polemi, Yuqiao Liu, Kapil Dandekar, Babak Anasori, and Yury Gogotsi

41. Metallic Ti3C2Tx MXene Gas Sensors with Ultrahigh Signal-to-Noise Ratio

Seon Joon Kim, Hyeong-Jun Koh, Chang E. Ren, Ohmin Kwon, Kathleen Maleski, Soo-Yeon Cho, Babak Anasori, Choong-Ki Kim, Yang-Kyu Choi, Jihan Kim, Yury Gogotsi, and Hee-Tae Jung

42. Surface-Modified Metallic Ti3C2Tx MXene as Electron Transport Layer for Planar Heterojunction Perovskite Solar Cells

Lin Yang, Chunxiang Dall’Agnese, Yohan Dall’Agnese, Gang Chen, Yu Gao, Yoshitaka Sanehira, Ajay Kumar Jena, Xiao-Feng Wang, Yury Gogotsi, and Tsutomu Miyasaka

43. Anomalous Absorption of Electromagnetic Waves by 2D Transition Metal Carbonitride Ti3CNTx

Aamir Iqbal, Faisal Shahzad, Kanit Hantanasirisakul, Myung-Ki Kim, Jisung Kwon, Junpyo Hong, Hyerim Kim, Daesin Kim, Yury Gogotsi, Chong Min Koo

44. Beyond Ti3C2Tx: MXenes for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding

Meikang Han, Christopher Eugene Shuck, Roman Rakhmanov, David Parchment, Babak Anasori, Chong Min Koo, Gary Friedman, and Yury Gogotsi