Water-Related Urbanization and Locality (eBook)

Preface 5
Acknowledgements 12
Contents 13
About the Editors 16
Part I New Opportunities: Challenges Between Water Environment Protection and Utilization in the Process of Urbanization 18
Locality Pattern Systems as Design Tools for Water-Related Open Spaces 19
1 Locality and Patterns—A Short Theoretical Introduction 20
1.1 Locality 20
1.2 Patterns 21
2 Analyzing Locality and Developing a Locality Pattern System 23
3 Achieving Locality in Future Urbanization Projects 26
3.1 Berlin Gartenfeld 26
3.2 Rothenburgsort in Hamburg 32
4 Conclusion—Potentials and Limitations of the Locality Pattern System 40
References 41
The Influence of Water Transportation Evolution on the Economic Development of Cities Along the Beijing–Hangzhou Grand Canal Since the Late Qing Dynasty 43
1 Introduction 43
2 Materials and Methods 45
2.1 Research Object 45
2.2 Research Method 47
3 Transportation Development and Urban Evolution Along the Canal 49
3.1 Qing Dynasty: Development Under Water Transport System 49
3.2 Republic of China: Rise of Railway and Maritime Transport and Transition of Canal Cities 50
3.3 People’s Republic of China: Development of Modern Transportation System and Canal Cities 51
4 Analysis of Correlations Between Transportation and the Urban Economy of Cities Along the Grand Canal 53
4.1 Grey Correlation Degree Between Transportation and Urban Economy 53
4.2 Comparative Analysis of Correlation Degree Before and After the Formation of High-Speed Traffic Network 53
5 Conclusions and Discussion 59
5.1 Inland Transportation Replaces Water Transportation as a New Axis of Urban Economic Development 59
5.2 The Influence of Transportation on the Vitality of Canal Cities Is Limited 59
5.3 The Relationship Between the Canal and the Cities Along the Canal Needs to Be Optimized from Ecological and Cultural Perspectives 60
References 60
Locality in Water-Related Urban Design: Dimensions and Examples 62
1 Dimensions of Locality 63
1.1 The Spatial Component of Locality 63
1.2 The Temporal Component of Locality 64
1.3 Methods in Design Relating to Town Planning 64
1.4 Types of Referencing Locality 65
1.5 Practical Examples 66
1.6 Interactions 69
2 Locality in Design Theory Regarding Town Planning 70
2.1 Billhafen Project, Rothenburgsort, Hamburg 71
2.2 Conclusions—Five Hypotheses 75
References 77
Coastal Tourism City Development Planning Led by Water System Construction 78
1 Introduction 78
2 Project Overview 79
2.1 Overview of the City, Nature, and People 79
2.2 Analysis of Environment and Resources of Urban Inland River Systems 79
2.3 Urban Development Needs and Problems 80
3 The Top-Level Design, Strategic Planning, Conceptual Planning, and Project Planning of Dongfang “Park City” Construction 81
3.1 Planning and Design Thoughts 81
3.2 Concepts and Goals 82
4 Urban Water System Environment and Ecological Landscape Planning 82
4.1 Spatial Layout of Municipal Water Systems 87
4.2 River System Ecological Corridor Pattern 87
4.3 Comprehensive Planning of the Water Network and the City, Forest, Tourism, Rural, and Agricultural Networks 87
4.4 Overall Planning of “the Six Ways of Dealing with Water” 89
5 Launching the Conceptual Planning of the Ecological Corridor of the Luodai River 90
5.1 Planning Scope 90
5.2 Current Land Use 90
5.3 Landscape Spatial Structure 90
5.4 Ecological Restoration Strategy 91
6 Conclusion and Prospects 93
References 94
Study on Water Resources Problems of Arid Areas Under the Influence of Urbanization 95
1 Improving the Parameters the Algorithm of the SCS-CN Model 96
1.1 Introduction 96
1.2 The Study Area 96
1.3 Methods 97
1.4 Results 100
2 SWAT Model Parameter Correction 101
2.1 Introduction 101
2.2 Study Area 102
2.3 Methods 102
2.4 Result 105
3 Conclusions 105
References 108
Part II New Strategies: Sustainable Development of Water Resources and Water Culture in the Process of Urbanization 110
Water Environment Protection for Reservoirs in Mountainous Cities: A Case Study of Longjing Lake in Chongqing 111
1 Introduction 111
2 Materials and Methods 113
2.1 Research Object 113
2.2 Research Methods 114
3 Analysis of Water Environmental Pollution Characteristics of Longjing Lake 118
3.1 Water Quality Monitoring 118
3.2 Evaluation of Eutrophication 123
4 Water Environmental Capacity and Load Reduction 125
4.1 Water Environmental Capacity 125
4.2 Load Reduction Determination 126
5 Conclusion and Discussion 133
5.1 Existing Water Environment Problems in Longjing Lake 133
5.2 Layout of Engineering Control Facilities and Technologies 134
References 135
Bottom-Up or Top-Down? The Water God Faith in Human–Water Relationships: A Case Study of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal in the Qing Dynasty 136
1 Introduction 136
2 Materials and Methods 138
2.1 Water God Temples Along the Canal in the Qing Dynasty 138
2.2 Methods 139
2.3 Data Sources 140
3 Results 140
3.1 Distribution: Unbalanced Distribution of Water God Temples 140
3.2 Nature: The Frequency of Regional Flood Disasters Had a Greater Impact on the Number of Temples 143
3.3 Funding: The Number of Temples with Sufficient Ceremonies Funds Was Relatively High 145
3.4 Population: The Number of Temples and Population Density Had Little Relation 147
4 Discussion 148
References 152
Water Commoning: Testing the Bille River in Hamburg as a Space for Collaborative Experimentation 154
1 Water as an Urban Habitat Under Pressure 154
2 Urban Practices of Water Commoning 157
3 The Bille River in Hamburg as a “Real-World Laboratory” for Water Commoning 161
3.1 Mapping as a Tool for Creating an Expandable Archive of Existing and Potential Future Practices of Water Commoning 168
3.2 Collective Exploration and Performative Testing as a Tool for Transforming Spaces and Gaining Transformation Knowledge 170
4 Conclusion and Outlook 172
References 175
Decentralized Stormwater Management: Experiences with Various Measures in Germany 177
1 Introduction: Decentralized Stormwater Management—Main Targets and Measures 177
2 Examples of Green Roofs in Germany 178
2.1 Green Roofs and Rainwater Management 178
2.2 Water Management Research on Green Roofs in Hamburg, Germany 180
2.3 Lessons Learned 184
3 Examples of Tree Pits with a Focus on Infiltration in Germany 185
4 Conclusions 187
References 188
Flood Control and Evaluation Study of Small Watershed Units and Urban Topography Landscape for Wuhan City 190
1 Introduction 190
2 Study Area 193
2.1 Study Area 193
2.2 Wuhan’s Urban Flood Situation 193
3 Materials and Methods 194
3.1 Data Selection and Processing 194
3.2 Extraction and Delineation of Small Watershed Units 195
3.3 Research Object Definition 196
4 Results and Analysis 197
4.1 Correlation Analysis 197
4.2 Impact Analysis 202
4.3 Evaluation for Disaster Mitigation and Control 207
5 Discussion and Conclusion 210
5.1 Conclusion 210
5.2 Discussions 211
References 211
Tools for Designing Riverscapes Co-creatively. Walk! Find Typologies! Design Spatial Visions! 214
1 Walk! 215
2 Find Typologies! 217
3 Design Spatial Visions! 221
4 Conclusion: Three Tools for Designing Locality? 225
4.1 Locality Can Be Experienced and Identified by Walking 225
4.2 Locality Can Be Systematized and Made Accessible by Typologies 225
4.3 Locality Can Be Designed and Communicated Through Spatial Visions 225
References 226
Water as a Resource 228
1 Introduction 228
2 Beyond the Networked City? 229
3 State of Science and Technology 230
3.1 Adaptive Reclamation Technologies 231
3.2 Water-Sensitive Urban Design 231
3.3 Green Infrastructure 233
4 Towards Sustainable Water Reclamation 233
5 Case Studies 235
5.1 BMBF Research Project ReSource Water in China 235
5.2 Aubuckel Research Project in Mannheim, Germany 237
5.3 Guangzhou Agricultural Village (PRD) in China 238
5.4 Designing Resilience in Asia 241
6 Towards a Location-Specific Water Environment 242
References 244
Part III New Explorations: Water-Related Planning and Design Strategies in the Process of Urbanization and Local Cultural Development 246
Water-Based Communication and Its Impacts: A New Perspective on the Grand Unification of Imperial China 247
1 The Basis of Water-Based Communication 247
1.1 The Geographical Basis of China 247
1.2 China’s River System 248
2 Water-Based Ideology: Communications in World of Ideas 249
2.1 The Influence of Water-Based Ideology on Chinese Character-Building 249
2.2 Mythology and History of Water 249
2.3 Influence of Water on Ancient Chinese Ideology 250
2.4 Water Worship and Faith of the Water God 250
2.5 Water and Experoutination 251
3 Water-Based Activities: Communications in Real World 251
3.1 Water Management: The Origin and Continuation of Empire 251
3.2 Water Network: Expansion and Maintenance of Empire 253
4 Cases Analysis 254
4.1 The Grand Canal and Grain Tax System: The Lifeline of Imperial China 254
4.2 Regional WBC in South China 257
5 Conclusion 259
References 260
Water as a Primary Building Material of the City as Second Nature 262
1 Introduction—Water as Driver of Locality? 262
2 Making Something that Cannot Perform Without Its Environment 263
3 Layers and Cycles—Tying Design to Locality 266
3.1 La Reserva El Peñón and the Keyline Technique 267
4 Urban Development Steered by Water—Three Projects at Regional, Urban Quarter and Neighborhood Scales 271
4.1 Rainmaker 271
4.2 Hellwinkel Terraces 278
4.3 Cumulus 279
5 Towards Water as a Primary Building Material of the City as Second Nature 285
References 288
Study on Spatial Planning Strategies of the Yellow River Floodplain Area in Xinxiang from the Perspective of a Resilient City 289
1 Introduction 289
2 Research on Yellow River Floodplain Area 290
2.1 Current Situation Analysis of Yellow River Floodplain Area 290
2.2 Studies on the Strategies and Suggestions for Yellow River Floodplain Area 291
3 Spatial Planning Concept of Resilient City 292
3.1 Resilience Theory Development 292
3.2 Resilient City Research 293
3.3 Spatial Planning of Resilient Cities 293
4 Opportunities and Challenges for the Yellow River Floodplain Area Development in Xinxiang 293
4.1 Current Research Scope 293
4.2 Opportunities and Challenges of the Development of Yellow River Floodplain Area in Xinxiang 295
4.3 Resilient Development Concept of Spatial Planning for Floodplain Area 296
5 Spatial Planning Strategies for the Yellow River Floodplain Area in Xinxiang from a Resilient City Perspective 297
5.1 Constructing Redundant Structure for Ecological Space 297
5.2 Creating Various Forms of Living Space 299
5.3 Expand Different Locations for Production Space 300
5.4 Improving Traffic Conditions in Floodplain Areas 302
5.5 Expanding Local Cultural Identity in the Floodplain Area 303
6 Summary 305
References 306
Assessing the Uniqueness of River Landscapes: The Lahn Case Study 308
1 Introduction 308
2 Case Study Region 309
3 Methods 310
4 Results 313
4.1 Spatial Distribution of Landscape Uniqueness Values 313
4.2 Comparing the Uniqueness Values of the Lahn Case Study with German River Landscapes in General 314
5 Discussion and Conclusions 316
References 318
The Functions and Aesthetic Meaning of Water Scenes in Chinese Temple Gardens 321
1 The Historical Evolution 322
1.1 From the Eastern Han to the Wei Jin Northern and Southern Dynasties 322
1.2 From the Sui and Tang Dynasties to the Five Dynasties 323
1.3 The Song and Yuan Dynasties 323
1.4 The Ming and Qing Dynasties 324
2 The Main Types 324
3 Aesthetic Meaning of Temple Water Scenes 327
3.1 Explaining Buddhism and Taoism Through Analyzing the Form, Sound, and Color of the Temple Water 327
3.2 The Connotations of Buddhism and Taoism Guide Landscape Construction 328
4 Functions 329
4.1 Tiantai Guoqing Temple 329
4.2 Hangzhou Lingyin Temple 330
4.3 Suzhou Hanshan Temple 334
4.4 Azure Clouds Temple 335
5 Summary 338
References 343
Study on Spatial Planning Methods of Urban Water Systems in the Arid Areas from an Ecological Perspective: A Case Study of Aksu, Xinjiang 344
1 Introduction 344
2 Planning Problems 345
2.1 Planning Demand Orientation 345
2.2 Recognizing Difficulties in Planning 346
3 Planning Strategies 348
3.1 Judging the Value of Planning 348
3.2 Scientific Calculation of Water Quantity 349
3.3 Introduction of Reliable Water Resource 350
4 Planning Solutions 350
4.1 Ecological Corridor Construction on River 353
4.2 Shaping Waterfront Composite Corridor 359
4.3 Design Guidance on Waterfront 363
5 Conclusion 365
References 366
Statement on Flora and Fauna as Integral Components of Locality in Urban Areas 367
1 Motive for This Statement 367
2 What Locality May Represent 368
3 Why and How to Integrate Locality into the Planning and Design Process 370
Reference 377