Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Asphalt Pavements & Environment (APE) (eBook)

Preface 6
Contents 8
Sustainable Pavements and Environmentally Friendly Technologies 13
Effectiveness of Rejuvenators for Asphalt Mixtures with High Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Content in Cold Climates 14
Abstract 14
1 Introduction 14
2 Research Objectives 15
3 Materials 16
3.1 Aggregates, Bitumen and Additives 16
3.2 Mixtures 17
4 Methods 18
4.1 Samples Preparation 18
4.2 Testing Methods 19
5 Test Results and Discussion 19
5.1 Compactability and Indirect Tensile Stiffness 19
5.2 Flexural Stiffness 20
5.3 Strength and Moisture Resistance 20
5.4 Resistance to Repeated Loading 22
6 Conclusions 22
References 23
Micromechanical Surface Investigation of Bio-modified RAP Binder 25
Abstract 25
1 Introduction 25
2 Materials and Methods 27
2.1 Rejuvenation Procedure 27
2.2 Dynamic Shear Rheometer 27
2.3 Force Mapping 28
3 Results and Discussion 28
3.1 Rheological Analysis 28
3.2 Nano-Mechanical Mapping 30
4 Conclusions 31
Acknowledgements 32
References 32
New Fluxing Agent for the Road Industry – An Overview of Technical Performances and HSE Benefits 34
Abstract 34
1 Introduction 34
2 New Generation of Fluxing Agents with Advantageous HSE Profile 35
3 Surface Dressing Applications 38
3.1 Anhydrous Fluxed Bitumen Results 38
3.2 Fluxed Bitumen Emulsions Results 39
4 Microsurfacing 40
4.1 Flux Oil for Early and Late-Season Microsurfacing Applications 40
4.2 Lab Test Results 41
5 Conclusions 42
References 43
Towards a Better Assessment of Recycling Agents Effects on Bitumen During Hot Recycling 44
Abstract 44
1 Introduction 44
2 Materials and Methods 45
2.1 Materials 45
2.2 Dynamic Shear Rheometer 47
2.3 Bending Beam Rheometer 47
3 Results and Discussions 48
4 Conclusions 53
Acknowledgements 53
References 54
Graphene-Enhanced Recycled Asphalt Pavements 55
Abstract 55
1 Introduction 55
2 GESM Chemical Formulation 57
3 Asphalt Concrete Preliminary Tests 58
3.1 Physical Analysis – Voids Content 58
3.2 Mechanical Analysis – Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS) 59
3.3 Dynamic Tests - Stiffness Modulus 59
3.4 Dynamic Tests – Rutting 59
3.5 Dynamic Tests – Fatigue Endurance 60
4 Trial Section – Rome 60
4.1 Description of Trial Section 60
4.2 Trial Section Preliminary in Situ Test Results 62
4.3 Trial Section Preliminary Results in Laboratory 62
5 Conclusion 64
Acknowledgements 64
References 65
Properties of Asphalt Binders with Increasing SBS Polymer Modification 66
Abstract 66
1 Introduction 66
2 Asphalt Binder Preparation and Testing 67
3 Results and Discussion 70
4 Conclusions 75
References 76
Non- petroleum- Based Binders for Paving Applications: Rheological and Chemical Investigation on Ageing Effects 78
Abstract 78
1 Introduction 78
2 Materials and Methods 79
3 Results and Discussion 80
3.1 Rheological Tests 80
3.2 Chemical Analyses 83
4 Conclusions 85
References 86
Investigation into the Use of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement in Asphalt Concrete 88
Abstract 88
1 Introduction 88
2 Materials and Methods 90
2.1 Materials 90
2.2 Methods 91
2.2.1 Experimental Procedures 91
3 Results and Discussions 93
3.1 Particle Size Distribution 93
3.2 Results of Marshall Test 93
4 Conclusions 96
References 97
Rheological and Mechanical Properties of HMA Containing Fly Ashes as Alternative Filler 99
Abstract 99
1 Introduction and Literature Review 99
2 Materials 100
2.1 Fly Ash Filler 100
2.2 Bitumen 101
3 Experimental Research 101
3.1 Mastic Rheological Phase 101
3.2 Asphalt Concrete Phase 104
4 Results and Conclusions 107
References 108
Future Trends in Asphalt Pavements 109
Preliminary Study of an Energy Harvesting System for Road Pavements Made with Marginal Aggregate 110
Abstract 110
1 Introduction 110
2 Materials and Samples Preparation 112
3 Test Methods 114
4 Results and Discussion 117
5 Conclusions 121
References 121
Electric Energy Harvesting Systems from Urban Road Pavements: Analysis and Preliminary Simulation 123
Abstract 123
1 Introduction 123
2 Road Energy Harvesting 124
2.1 Piezoelectric Technology 124
2.2 Photovoltaic Technology 126
3 Simulation 126
3.1 Piezoelectric System Output 127
3.2 Photovoltaic System Output 128
4 Conclusions 130
References 130
Environmental Sustainability and Energy Assessment of Bituminous Pavements Made with Unconventional Materials 132
Abstract 132
1 Introduction 132
2 Sustainable Asphalt Materials and Technologies: Strengths and Weaknesses 133
3 Energy and Carbon Footprint of Different Road Pavement Solutions 134
3.1 Goal and Scope Definition 134
3.2 Functional Unit and System Boundary 135
3.3 Scenario Definition for the Asphalt Pavement 135
3.4 Life Cycle Inventory and Data Quality 136
3.5 Life Cycle Energy and Environmental Impact Assessment Results 137
4 Conclusions 140
References 140
Reflectivity and Durability Assessment of Solar Heat-Blocking Pavement 142
Abstract 142
1 Introduction 142
2 Solar Heat-Blocking Pavement 143
2.1 Basic Concept 143
2.2 Application Procedure 143
3 Performance Testing 144
3.1 Reflectivity 144
3.2 Retro-Reflection 145
3.3 Laboratory Lamp Test 145
3.4 Torque Resistance 146
3.5 Ravelling Test 147
3.6 Accelerated Wear Test 148
3.7 Aggregate Pop-Out 149
4 Performance in the Field 150
4.1 Reduction in Surface Temperature 150
4.2 Improvement of Pavement Durability 150
5 Conclusions 151
References 151
Supply Curves Using LCA and LCCA for Conceptual Evaluation of Proposed Policies to Improve the Environment 153
Abstract 153
1 Introduction 153
2 The Approach 155
3 Applications in Studies Currently Underway 159
4 Summary and Conclusions 160
Acknowledgements 161
References 161
Marginal Materials for Asphalt Pavements 162
Cold Recycling with Bitumen Emulsion of Marginal Aggregates for Road Pavements 163
Abstract 163
1 Introduction 163
2 Materials 164
2.1 Environmental Analysis of the Marginal Materials 164
2.2 Physical-Mechanical Characterization of the Marginal Materials 165
3 Mixtures 167
3.1 Composition and Grading Curves of the Mixes 167
3.2 Optimization of the Mixtures 168
4 Performance Characterization 169
4.1 Stiffness Characterization 169
4.2 Permanent Deformation Analysis 170
5 Conclusions 171
References 171
Experimental Investigation of Performance Properties of Asphalt Mixture Designed with the Re-recycled RAP and EAFSS 172
Abstract 172
1 Introduction 173
2 Materials and Experimentation 174
2.1 Material Preparations 174
2.2 Fatigue Testing 174
2.3 Low Temperature Creep and Fracture Testing 175
3 Results and Analysis 176
3.1 Fatigue Behavior 176
3.2 Low Temperature Creep and Fracture Tests Results 177
4 Summary and Conclusions 179
Acknowledgments 179
References 180
Influence of Crumb Rubber Added by Dry Process on Linear Viscoelastic Properties and Tensile Strength of Bituminous Mixtures 182
Abstract 182
1 Introduction 182
2 Tested Materials 183
3 Experimental Procedures and Modelling 184
3.1 Complex Modulus Tests 184
3.2 2S2P1D Model 185
3.3 Direct Tensile Tests 186
4 Results and Analysis 186
4.1 Complex Modulus 186
4.2 Tensile Strength 188
5 Conclusions 189
Acknowledgements 189
References 189
A Preliminary Investigation into the Use of Alkali-Activated Blast Furnace Slag Mortars for High-Performance Pervious Concrete Pavements 191
Abstract 191
1 Introduction 191
2 Materials and Methods 192
3 Results and Discussion 196
4 Conclusions 198
Acknowledgements 199
References 199
Experimental Study on Use of Recycled Polymer as Modifier in Mastic and Asphalt Mixture 201
Abstract 201
1 Introduction 201
2 Material and Methodology 202
2.1 Aggregates 202
2.2 Bitumen 203
2.3 Fillers 203
2.4 PB25 Polymer 204
2.5 Mixture and Mastic Proportions 204
3 Experimental Work 205
3.1 Asphalt Mixture Tests 205
3.2 Mastic Tests 205
4 Results and Discussion 206
4.1 Volumetric Analysis 206
4.2 Stiffness Properties 206
4.3 Permanent Deformation Evaluation 207
4.4 Rheological Properties 208
5 Conclusions 210
References 210
Preliminary Study on the Mechanical Properties of an Asphalt Mixture Containing RAR Modifiers 212
Abstract 212
1 Background and Objectives 212
2 Materials Tested 214
2.1 Design Mixture 214
2.2 RAR Modifier 215
3 Research Methodology 215
3.1 Mixture Preparation 215
3.2 Mixture Compaction 216
3.3 Production of Test Specimens 216
3.4 Specimen Testing 217
4 Testing Results and Analysis 218
4.1 Compaction Results 218
4.2 Modulus Results 218
5 Conclusions 220
References 220
Influence of the Production Temperature on the Optimization Process of Asphalt Mixes Prepared with Steel Slag Aggregates Only 222
Abstract 222
1 Introduction 222
2 Background and Goal 223
3 Materials and Mixes 224
4 Test Methods 225
4.1 Volumetric Properties Assessment 225
4.2 Mechanical Characterization 225
4.3 Durability Evaluation 225
5 Experimental Findings 225
5.1 Volumetric Characteristics 225
5.2 Mechanical Properties 227
5.3 Durability 227
6 Conclusions and Further Studies 229
Acknowledgements 230
References 230
Long-Term Aging Behaviour of Asphalt Mixtures Modified with Crumb Rubber Using the Dry Process 232
Abstract 232
1 Introduction 232
2 Experimental Design 234
2.1 Asphalt Mix Manufacture and Characterization 234
2.2 Aging Methodology 235
3 Results and Discussion 236
4 Conclusions 238
Acknowledgements 238
References 239
Hot, Warm and Cold Recycling 241
100% Recycling of Low-Temp Asphalt for Minor Roads – Lab Compaction and Traffic Simulation 242
Abstract 242
1 Introduction 242
2 Objective 243
3 Material 243
4 Testing 244
4.1 Compaction of Laboratory Small Size Specimens 244
4.2 Compaction of Medium Size Specimens 247
4.3 Rutting Testing with Laboratory Scaled Mobile Traffic Simulator 249
4.4 Rutting Testing with Large Wheel Rutting Tester 250
5 Conclusions 251
References 252
Impacts of Recycling Agent on Superpave Mixture Containing RAP 253
Abstract 253
1 Introduction 253
2 Materials and Methods 254
2.1 Materials 254
2.2 Methodology 254
3 Results and Discussions 256
3.1 Rejuvenator Dosage 256
3.2 Rutting 256
3.3 Fatigue 256
3.4 Mass Loss 257
3.5 Volumetric 257
3.6 Indirect Tensile Strength 259
3.7 Moisture Sensitivity/Tensile Strength Ratio (TSR) 259
3.8 Rutting 259
3.9 Fatigue 260
4 Conclusion 261
Acknowledgements 261
References 261
Evaluation of Reliability of RILEM Fragmentation Test 263
Abstract 263
1 Introduction 263
2 Objective and Scope 264
3 Materials and Methods 265
3.1 The Fragmentation Test 265
4 Results and Discussions 266
5 Summary and Conclusions 269
References 270
Development of a Soybean-Based Rejuvenator for Asphalt Mixtures Containing High Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Content 271
Abstract 271
1 Introduction 271
2 Mixture and Materials 272
3 Performance Tests 273
3.1 Viscoelastic Properties 273
3.2 Fatigue Resistance 274
3.3 Rutting Resistance 274
4 Results and Discussion 275
5 Summary and Conclusion 279
Acknowledgments 279
References 279
Effect of Water and Cement Content on the Mechanical Properties of Cold Recycled Mixtures (CRM) with Bitumen Emulsion 281
Abstract 281
1 Introduction 281
2 Materials and Methodology 282
2.1 Materials 282
2.2 Mixtures 283
3 Results Analysis 285
4 Conclusions 288
References 289
Sustainable Warm In-plant SMA Mixtures with 80% Recycling and Produced at 115 °C 290
Abstract 290
1 Introduction 290
2 LE2AP Mixture Designing Philosophy 291
2.1 LE2AP and LE2AP SMA 291
2.2 PA-stone 292
2.3 LE2AP Mortar 293
3 Laboratory Production and Performance 295
4 Full Scale Demonstration 297
5 Conclusions 299
Acknowledgements 299
References 299
Reclaimed Asphalt Usage: Handling, Processing, Management and Future Trends in Lithuania 301
Abstract 301
1 Introduction 301
2 RAP Handling and Processing 302
3 RAP Quality Determination 305
4 RAP Management 306
5 Conclusions 308
References 308
Experimental Study to Re-refine Aged Binder Using Water 310
Abstract 310
1 Introduction 310
2 Solvent Characteristics of High-Temperature and High-Pressure Water and the Aqueous Pyrolysis Method 311
3 Experimental Overview 312
3.1 Effects of Reaction Temperature and Reaction Time on Restoration Property 312
3.2 Characteristics of Restoration Property Effects Compared with the Conventional Method 314
4 Experimental Results 315
4.1 Effects of Reaction Temperature on Restoration Property 315
4.2 Effects of Reaction Time on Restoration Property 316
4.3 Characteristics of Restoration Effects Compared with the Conventional Method 317
5 Conclusions 318
References 319
Cold In-place Recycling for a Base Layer of an Italian High-Traffic Highway 320
Abstract 320
1 Introduction 320
2 Project Description 321
3 FWD Tests on the Subgrade 321
4 Design of the Pavement Structure 322
5 Mix Design of the CRAB Mixture 322
6 Construction of the Trial Section 323
7 Validation of the CRAB Mixture 325
7.1 Laboratory Tests on GC Specimens 325
7.2 Laboratory Tests on Cores 325
7.3 In Situ FWD Tests 327
8 Conclusion 327
References 328
Test Methods and Performance 330
Effect of Nano SiO2, TiO2 and ZnO Modification to Rheological Properties of Neat and Polymer Modified Bitumen 331
Abstract 331
1 Introduction 331
2 Background of Bitumen Modification with Nano Additives 332
3 Materials and Methods 334
3.1 Materials 334
3.2 Experimental Program Ant Methods 334
3.2.1 Bitumen Nano-Modification and Sample Preparation Method 334
3.2.2 Linear Amplitude Sweep Test (LAS) Method 335
3.2.3 Multi Stress Creep Recovery Test (MSCR) Method 336
4 Result Analysis 337
5 Conclusions 340
Acknowledgements 341
References 341
Impregnation of Lightweight Aggregate Particles with Phase Change Material for Its Use in Asphalt Mixtures 343
Abstract 343
1 Introduction 343
2 Materials and Methods 344
3 Results and Discussion 347
4 Conclusions and Recommendations 349
Acknowledgements 349
References 350
The Use of a Polyethylene-Based Modifier to Produce Modified Asphalt Binders on Site 352
Abstract 352
1 Introduction 352
2 Asphalt Mixture Cracking Behavior: HMA Fracture Mechanics 353
3 Materials 354
3.1 Polymer Compound 355
3.2 HMA Specimen Preparation 355
4 Results and Analysis 356
4.1 Resilient Modulus Test 356
4.2 Creep Compliance Test 356
4.3 Energy Limits Evaluation 358
5 Conclusion 360
References 361
Effect of Moisture on Fatigue Characteristics of Asphalt Concrete Mixtures 362
Abstract 362
1 Introduction 362
2 Experimental Investigation 364
3 Results and Discussions 367
4 Conclusion 371
5 Limitations and Scope for Future Study 371
References 371
A New Approach to Determine Absorption Water of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Aggregate (RAP) for the Production of Cold Recycled Mixtures (CRM) 373
Abstract 373
1 Introduction 373
2 Materials and Methodology 374
2.1 Materials 374
2.2 Methodology 374
3 Results Analysis 378
4 Conclusions 380
References 381
Effect of Air Void Topology on the Hydraulic Conductivity and Clogging Properties of Pervious Asphalt Roads 382
Abstract 382
1 Introduction 382
2 Materials and Methods 384
2.1 Clogging Material Gradation 384
2.2 Asphalt Composition 384
2.3 Impression of Resin Blocks with Realistic Pore Geometries 385
2.4 Hydraulic Conductivity Measurements 385
2.5 Clogging Measurements 385
2.6 Measurement of Macroporosity, Pore Diameter, Euler Number and Tortuosity 386
3 Results and Discussion 386
3.1 Geometrical Properties of Air Voids 386
3.2 Hydraulic Conductivity of the Test Samples 386
3.3 Clogging of Porous Asphalt 386
3.4 Effect of the Air Void Topology on the Clogging Ratio 388
3.5 Distribution of the Clogs in the Asphalt Mixture 388
4 Conclusions 389
Acknowledgements 390
References 390
Fatigue Performance of Bituminous Binders Tested by Linear Amplitude Sweep Test 391
Abstract 391
1 Introduction 391
2 VECD - Viscoelastic Continuum Damage Theory 393
3 Highly Polymer Modified Binders - HiMA 394
4 Experimental 395
4.1 Materials and Test Methods 395
4.2 Influence of the Test Temperature on the Sample Damage Mechanism During LAS Test 396
4.3 Obtained Parameters and Discussion 396
5 Summary and Conclusions 398
Acknowledgements 399
References 399
Oxidative Aging Effects on Damage-Healing Performance of Unmodified and Polymer Modified Asphalt Binders 401
Abstract 401
1 Introduction 401
2 Objectives 403
3 Materials and Testing 403
3.1 Materials 403
3.2 Testing Methods 403
3.2.1 LAS Test 403
3.2.2 LASH Test 404
3.2.3 Chemical SARA Composition Test 405
4 Results and Discussions 405
4.1 LASH-Based Healing Performance 405
4.2 Comparison Between Rheological Healing Properties and Chemical Composition 406
5 Conclusion 408
Acknowledgements 408
References 409
Pavement Structures, Maintenance and Management 410
Performance Evaluation of Innovative and Sustainable Pavement Solutions for Road Tunnels 411
Abstract 411
1 Introduction 411
2 Pavement Cross Sections 412
3 Performance Evaluation of Pavement Solutions 413
3.1 Design Traffic 413
3.2 Design Temperatures 414
3.3 Mechanical Properties of Materials 415
3.4 Transfer Functions 416
3.5 Design Life 417
4 Conclusions 418
References 419
Fast Falling Weight Accelerated Pavement Testing and Laboratory Analysis of Asphalt Pavements Reinforced with Geocomposites 421
Abstract 421
1 Introduction 421
2 Experimental Program 422
2.1 Trial Section 422
2.2 Materials 423
2.3 Testing Program and Procedures 424
3 Results and Analysis 426
3.1 APT Tests 426
3.2 Laboratory Tests 430
4 Conclusions 433
Acknowledgements 433
References 433
Automatic Crack Detection Results Using a Novel Device for Survey and Analysis of Road Pavement Condition 435
Abstract 435
1 Introduction 435
2 The Novel Device for Pavement Condition Survey 437
3 Preliminary Crack Detection Results 438
4 Conclusions 443
References 443
Experimental Evaluation of Improving Effects of Thermal Environment of Water Retaining Pavement on Wheelchair Users 445
Abstract 445
1 Introduction 445
2 Materials and Methods 447
2.1 Material (Water Retentive Block) 447
2.2 Methods 447
2.2.1 Human Thermal Load 447
2.2.2 Physical Quantities and Physiological Quantities 448
2.3 Verification in a Standing-Still Posture 449
2.3.1 Experiment in Artificial Climate Chamber 449
2.3.2 Experiment at Outdoor Test Pavement 450
3 Validation in a Wheelchair User (Sitting Posture) 451
3.1 Outline of Experiment 451
3.2 Results 452
4 Summary 453
References 453
Airport Pavement Management Systems: An Open BIM Approach 454
Abstract 454
1 Introduction 454
2 BIM and the Information Management Process 456
3 Airport Pavement Management Systems 456
4 Lamezia Terme International Airport 458
5 Runway BIM Model 459
5.1 Geometry 459
5.2 Semantic Data 460
6 Interoperability Between a BIM Model and the APMS 461
7 Conclusions and Future Developments 462
References 463
Mixture Design for Recycled Porous Asphalt Pavement and Results of Follow-up Survey for Ten Years 464
Abstract 464
1 Introduction 464
2 Study Method 465
2.1 Materials Used and Mix Design 465
2.2 Test Construction 466
2.3 Survey Method for a Road that Has Been in Use 468
2.4 Rut Depth 468
2.5 Evenness 469
2.6 Tire-Pavement Noise 470
2.7 Texture Depth 471
2.8 Skid Resistance 471
3 Conclusions 472
Acknowledgements 473
References 473
Performance Related Quality Assurance in Pavement Construction 474
Abstract 474
1 Introduction 474
2 Database Selection 475
3 Structural Capacity and Performance 476
4 Impact on Residual Life and Maintenance 479
5 Economic Costs 480
6 Conclusions 482
References 483
The BIM (Building Information Modeling)-Based Approach for Road Pavement Maintenance 484
Abstract 484
1 Introduction 485
2 General Notes on the BIM-Based Approach for Infrastructures 486
3 Ideas and Preliminary Tests for Road Maintenance in an I-BIM Environment 489
4 Conclusions 492
Acknowledgements 493
References 493
A New Design Methodology for Improving Porous Concrete Properties to Achieve Multifunctional and Sustainable Pavements 495
Abstract 495
1 Introduction 495
2 Materials and Methods 496
2.1 Materials 496
2.2 PCD Methodology 497
2.3 Production 498
2.4 Tests 498
2.4.1 Permeability Test 498
2.4.2 Indirect Tensile Test 499
2.4.3 Compression Strength Test 499
3 Results and Discussion 499
3.1 Permeability Results 499
3.2 Indirect Tensile Test 500
3.3 Compression Strength Test 500
3.4 Multicriteria Decision Making Analysis 500
4 Conclusions 501
Acknowledgements 502
References 502
Correction to: Properties of Asphalt Binders with Increasing SBS Polymer Modification 504
Correction to: Chapter “Properties of Asphalt Binders with Increasing SBS Polymer Modification” in: M. Pasetto et al. (Eds.): Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Asphalt Pavements & Environment (APE), LNCE 48, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29779-4_6
Author Index 505