Nanocomposites, Nanostructures, and Their Applications (eBook)

Preface 6
Contents 8
Contributors 13
Part I Nanocomposites and Nanostructures 22
1 A Microscopic Description of Spin Dynamics in Magnetic Multilayer Nanostructures 23
1.1 Introduction 23
1.2 Spin-Dependent Interface Scattering-Induced Torques in Magnetic Multilayer Nanostructures 25
1.2.1 Features of Spin-Features of Spin Transfer Effect 25
1.2.2 Passing the Electric Current Through the F/N Contact 28
1.2.3 Averaging Over the Normal Metal Layer 31
1.2.3.1 The Torque for Disordered Normal Metal Layers 31
1.2.3.2 The Torque for Ballistic Normal Metal Layers 34
1.2.4 Current-Driven Magnetic Switching 36
1.3 Out-of-Equilibrium Spin Dynamics in F/N-Based Structures 37
1.3.1 Features of Spin Dynamics 37
1.3.2 The Model of the Out-of-Equilibrium Spin Dynamics 38
1.3.3 Heat Pulse-Induced Spin Dynamics 41
1.4 Conclusions 44
References 45
2 Development of the Nano-mineral Phases at the Steel-Bentonite Interface in Time of the Evolution of Geological Repository for Radioactive Waste 48
2.1 Introduction 48
2.2 Characterization of Primary Nanoscale Structures of Corrosive Origin 49
2.2.1 Fe(II)-Fe(III) Layered Double Hydroxide (LDH) Structures, the Mechanism of Their Formation and Their Phase Transformations 50
2.2.1.1 “Green Rust-Ferrihydrite” System (Green Rust-Fh) 51
2.2.1.2 “Green Rust-Goethite” System 51
2.2.1.3 “Green Rust-Akaganeite” System 51
2.2.1.4 “Green Rust-Lepidocrocite” System 51
2.2.1.5 “Green Rust-Feroxyhyte” System 52
2.2.1.6 “Green Rust-Magnetite” System 52
2.2.2 Phase Transformation of Ferrihydrite 52
2.3 The Study of Corrosion Processes on the Surface of Steel Containers 53
2.4 The Phase Transformation of Bentonite Clays at the Steel-Bentonite Interface Under Conditions of Geological Repository 56
2.5 Conclusion 61
References 62
3 Development of a Controlled in Situ Process for the Formation of Porous Anodic Alumina and Al Nanomesh From Thin Aluminum Films 64
3.1 Introduction 64
3.2 Experiment 68
3.3 Results and Discussion 69
3.4 Conclusions 74
References 74
4 Electrooxidation of Ethanol on Nickel-Copper Multilayer Metal Hydroxide Electrode 78
4.1 Introduction 78
4.2 Experimental 79
4.3 Experimenal Results and Discussion 79
4.4 Conclusions 85
References 85
5 Metal Surface Engineering Based on Formation of Nanoscaled Phase Protective Layers 88
5.1 Introduction 88
5.2 Materials and Experimental Methods 89
5.3 Results and Discussion 90
5.4 Conclusions 102
References 102
6 Electrical Conductivity and 7Li NMR Spin-Lattice Relaxation in Amorphous, Nano- and Microcrystalline Li2O-7GeO2 104
6.1 Introduction 104
6.2 Experimental Details 105
6.3 Results and Discussion 106
6.3.1 Structure and Morphology of the States Resulting from Glass Devitrification 106
6.3.2 Electrical Conductivity 108
6.3.3 Complex Impedance Spectra 110
6.3.4 NMR Spin-Lattice Relaxation of 7Li Isotope Nuclei 112
6.4 Conclusions 113
References 114
7 Influence of Surface Ultrafine Grain Structure on Cavitation Erosion Damage Resistance 116
7.1 Introduction 116
7.2 Materials and Methods 117
7.3 Results and Discussion 120
7.4 Conclusions 125
References 125
8 The Effect of Mechanochemical and Ultrasonic Treatments on the Properties of Composition CeO2 –MoO3 == 1:1 127
8.1 Introduction 127
8.2 Experimental 128
8.3 Results and Discussion 130
8.4 Conclusion 139
References 139
9 Behavior of Tempered Surface Nanocrystalline Structures Obtained by Mechanical-Pulse Treatment 142
9.1 Introduction 142
9.2 Materials and Experimental Methods 143
9.3 Results and Discussion 144
9.4 Conclusions 150
References 150
10 Nano-sized Adsorbate Island Formation in Adsorptive Anisotropic Multilayer Systems 152
10.1 Introduction 152
10.2 Model 154
10.3 Stability Analysis 157
10.4 Numerical Simulations 159
10.4.1 Isotropic Transference Between Layers 159
10.4.2 Pressure-Induced Anisotropic Transference 162
10.4.3 Anisotropic Plasma-Condensate Systems 164
10.4.4 Estimations 166
10.5 Conclusions 167
References 168
11 The Effect of Ultrasonic Treatment on the Physical–Chemical Properties of the ZnO/MoO3 System 170
11.1 Introduction 170
11.2 Experimental 171
11.2.1 Materials 171
11.2.2 Techniques 171
11.3 Results and Discussion 172
11.4 Conclusion 181
References 181
12 Hybrid Nanocomposites Synthesized into Stimuli Responsible Polymer Matrices: Synthesis and Application Prospects 184
12.1 Introduction 184
12.2 Materials and Methods 186
12.2.1 Synthesis of Dextran-Graft-Poly(N-Isopropylacrylamide) Copolymers 186
12.2.2 Au NP Synthesis into Polymer Template 186
12.2.3 Size-Exclusion Chromatography 187
12.2.4 Transmission Electron Microscopy 187
12.2.5 Dynamic Light Scattering 187
12.2.6 UV-Visible Spectroscopy 188
12.2.7 Biological Study of D-PNIPAM/Dox Nanocomposite 188
12.2.8 Cell Culture 188
12.2.9 MTT Assay 188
12.2.10 Statistics 189
12.2.11 The Evaluation of Dark Cytotoxicity 189
12.2.12 Photodynamic Therapy 189
12.3 Results and Discussion 190
12.3.1 Hybrid Nanosystem D70-PNIPAAm 15/Au NPs 193
12.3.2 Hybrid Nanosystem and Prospects of Their Application for Anticancer Therapy 196
12.4 Conclusions 201
References 201
13 Preparation and Complex Study of Thick Films Based on Nanostructured Cu0.1Ni0.8Co0.2Mn1.9O4 and Cu0.8Ni0.1Co0.2Mn1.9O4 Ceramics 203
13.1 Introduction 203
13.2 Sample Preparation 204
13.3 Results and Discussion 205
13.3.1 Structural Properties of Ceramics and Thick Films 205
13.3.2 Electrical Properties of Thick Films 208
13.3.3 Ageing Process in Thick Films 209
13.4 Conclusions 211
References 211
14 Nanoscale Investigation of Porous Structure in Adsorption-Desorption Cycles in the MgO-Al2O3 Ceramics 214
14.1 Introduction 214
14.2 Experimental Details 215
14.3 Results and Discussion 218
14.4 Conclusions 221
References 222
15 Structure, Morphology, and Spectroscopy Studies of La1?xRExVO4 Nanoparticles Synthesized by Various Methods 225
Abbreviations 225
15.1 Applications of Vanadate Matrices as Efficient Hosts for Luminescent RE3+ Ions 225
15.2 Feature of Lanthanum Vanadate Crystal Matrix Compared to Other Rare-Earth Vanadates 229
15.3 Methods of the Orthovanadate Nanoparticles Synthesis 230
15.3.1 Solid-State Method 231
15.3.2 Coprecipitation Method 231
15.3.3 Sol-Gel Synthesis 231
15.4 Phase Composition of the Synthesized Nanoparticles 233
15.5 Chemical Elements Analysis of the Ca-Doped Vanadate Nanoparticles 235
15.6 Morphology of the Vanadate Nanoparticles Synthesized by Different Methods 236
15.7 Infrared Spectroscopy 238
15.8 Reflectance Spectroscopy 241
15.9 Luminescent Spectroscopy 242
15.9.1 Dependencies of Luminescence Properties of the La1?xEuxVO4 Nanoparticles on Methods of Synthesis 242
15.9.2 Influence of Ca-Doping on Luminescence Properties of the Sol-Gel La1?xEuxVO4 Nanoparticles 247
15.10 Conclusions 251
References 251
16 Investigation of the Conditions of Synthesis of Alumo-NickelSpinel 256
16.1 Introduction 256
16.2 Methodology of the Experiment 257
16.3 Results and Discussion 258
16.4 Conclusion 262
References 262
17 IV–VIB Group Metal Boride and Carbide Nanopowder Corrosion Resistance in Nickeling Electrolytes 264
17.1 Introduction 264
17.2 Materials and Methods 265
17.3 Results and Discussion 266
17.4 Conclusions 269
References 269
18 Hydrodynamic and Thermodynamic Conditions for Obtaining a Nanoporous Structure of Ammonium Nitrate Granules in Vortex Granulators 270
18.1 Introduction 270
18.2 Hydrodynamic Conditions for Obtaining a Nanoporous Structure 272
18.3 Thermodynamic Conditions for Obtaining a Nanoporous Structure 276
18.4 An Influence of the Moisture Intensity on the PAN Granules' Structure 278
18.5 Conclusions 279
References 280
19 Nanostructured Mixed Oxide Coatings on Silumin Incorporated by Cobalt 282
19.1 Experimental 284
19.1.1 Effect of Electrolyte Composition 285
19.1.2 Effect of Oxidizing Regime 290
19.1.3 Effect of Plasma-Electrolytic Oxidizing Time 293
19.1.4 Topography and Phase Composition of PEO Cobalt-Containing Coatings 298
19.1.5 Corrosion Behavior of Cobalt-Containing Coatings on Silumin 300
19.1.6 Catalytic Activity of Al2O3 =· CoOx Coatings 301
19.2 Conclusions 302
References 302
20 Effect of Carbon Nanofillers on Processes of Structural Relaxation in the Polymer Matrixes 305
20.1 Introduction 305
20.2 Methods 306
20.3 Results and Discussion 307
20.4 Conclusions 315
References 316
21 Simulation of Tunneling Conductivity and Controlled Percolation In 3D Nanotube-Insulator Composite System 318
21.1 Introduction 318
21.2 Nanocomposite Conductivity Simulation Method 319
21.2.1 Model of Nanotube Dielectric Composite 319
21.2.2 Simulation Model 320
21.2.3 Resistor Network Formation 321
21.2.4 CNT and Contact Conductivities 323
21.3 Simulation of Tunneling Conductivity 324
21.4 Model and Methods for Implementing the Algorithm 325
21.5 Simulation of Field-Controlled Percolation in 3D System 327
21.6 Conclusions 330
References 331
22 Radiation-Stimulated Formation of Polyene Structures in Polyethylene Nanocomposites with Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes 334
22.1 Introduction 334
22.2 Experimental Studies 335
22.3 Results and Discussion 335
22.4 Conclusion 342
References 343
23 Theoretical Analysis of Metal Salt Crystallization Process on the Thermoexfoliated and Disperse Graphite Surface 344
23.1 Introduction 344
23.2 The Kinetics of Impregnation of the Thermoexfoliated Graphite by Water-Salt Solutions 345
23.3 The Factors Determining Kinetics of the Pores Filling by Salt Solution 348
23.4 Crystallization of Metal Salt on the Surface of Different Types of Graphite 353
23.5 Conclusion 358
References 359
24 Modeling of Dielectric Permittivity of Polymer Composites with Mixed Fillers 360
24.1 Introduction 360
24.2 Maxwell-Garnett Model for Dielectric Permittivity of Polymer Composites Filled with Mixed Fillers 361
24.3 Results and Discussion 363
24.3.1 1D Conductive Nanofiller in Polymer Matrix Before Percolation Threshold 364
24.3.2 2D Carbon Nanofiller in Polymer Matrix Before Percolation Threshold 366
24.3.3 1D/2D Mixed Carbon Nanofiller in Polymer Matrix Before Percolation Threshold 368
24.3.4 2D Nanocarbon/Dielectric Particle Mixed Filler in Polymer Matrix Before Percolation Threshold 370
24.4 Conclusion 373
References 374
25 Nanostructural Effects in Iron Oxide Silicate Materials of the Earth's Crust 377
25.1 Introduction 377
25.2 Materials and Methods 378
25.3 Experiment and Discussion 378
25.3.1 Analysis of Nanostructure Phenomena in the Earth's Surface IASSMs Occurred with Geomechanical, Nanochemical, and Biocolloid Processes 378
25.3.1.1 Geochemical and Nanochemical Processes 378
25.3.1.2 Biocolloid Processes 383
25.3.2 Analysis of Nanostructural Phenomena in IASSMs, Related to Rheological Processes 390
25.4 Conclusions 394
References 394
26 Two-Dimensional Ordered Crystal Structure Formed by Chain Molecules in the Pores of Solid Matrix 397
26.1 Introduction 397
26.2 Experiment 398
26.2.1 Studied objects 398
26.3 Discussion 399
26.4 Pore Model 400
26.5 The Influence of the Curvature of the Pore's Surface on the Location of the Chain 401
26.6 The Mechanism of Formation of a Two-Dimensional Crystal Structure 403
26.7 180onclusions 405
References 405
27 Joint Electroreduction of Carbonate and Tungstate Ions as the Base for Tungsten Carbide Nanopowders Synthesis in Ionic Melts 406
27.1 Introduction 406
27.2 Simultaneous Electroreduction of the Carbonate and Tungstate Ions in Chloride-Fluoride and Oxide Melts 407
27.3 High-Temperature Electrochemical Synthesis of Tungsten Carbides 409
27.3.1 Electrochemical Synthesis of Fine Tungsten Carbide Nanopowders from Oxide Melts 409
27.3.2 Electrodeposition of Tungsten Carbide Coatings from Tungstate-Halide Melts 409
27.4 Conclusions 410
References 410
28 The Kinetics Peculiarities and the Electrolysis Regime Effect on the Morphology and Phase Composition of Fe-Co-W(Mo) Coatings 412
28.1 Introduction 412
28.2 Experimental 414
28.3 Theoretical Aspects 416
28.4 Electrochemical Behavior of Fe3+–Co2+–WO42?–Cit3? and Fe3+–Co2+–175209O42?–Cit3? Systems 418
28.5 Composition and Morphology of Fe-180209-W(Mo) Coatings 425
28.6 Phase Composition of the Fe-Co-W(Mo) Coatings 427
28.7 Conclusions 430
References 430
29 Dispersing of Molybdenum Nanofilms at Non-metallic Materials as a Result of Their Annealing in Vacuum 433
29.1 Introduction 433
29.2 Materials and Experimental Methods 434
29.3 Results and Discussion 435
29.4 Conclusions 443
References 444
Part II Applications 446
30 Effective Hamiltonians for Magnetic Ordering Within Periodic Anderson-Hubbard Model for Quantum Dot Array 447
30.1 Model of an Anderson-Hubbard Material 447
30.2 Configurational Model of Narrowband Material with Anderson Centers 451
30.3 The Hamiltonian of Strongly Correlated Electron System of Anderson-Hubbard Type 453
30.4 Narrowband Ferromagnet Case 458
30.5 Polar s-d-Model Case 460
30.6 Narrowband Antiferromagnet Case 462
30.7 Conclusions 463
References 464
31 PET Ion-Track Membranes: Formation Features and Basic Applications 466
31.1 Introduction 466
31.2 Methods 467
31.3 Formation Features of PET Ion-Track Membranes with Different Pore Parameters 468
31.3.1 Influence of Irradiation Fluence on the Parameters of PET Ion-Track Membranes 470
31.3.2 Effect of Etching Modes on the Parameters of PET Ion-Track Membranes with Cylindrical Pores 471
31.3.3 Effect of Etching Modes on the Parameters of PET Ion-Track Membranes with Conical Pores 474
31.4 Basic Applications of PET Ion-Track Membranes 476
31.4.1 Water Purification 476
31.4.2 Direct and Reverse Osmosis 477
31.4.3 Template Synthesis of Magnetic Nanostructures 479
31.5 Conclusion 482
References 483
32 Impact of Carbon Nanotubes on HDL-Like Structures: Computer Simulations 485
32.1 Introduction 485
32.2 Materials and Methods 486
32.3 Results 486
32.4 Conclusions 490
References 490
33 Approximation of a Simple Rectangular Lattice for a Conduction Electron in Graphene 492
33.1 Introduction 492
33.2 Preliminary Remarks 493
33.3 Approximation of a Simple Rectangular Lattice in the Dispersion Law (the Quasiparticle Hamiltonian) for a Graphene Conduction Electron 495
33.4 Reproduction of Velocities and Masses with the Effective Dispersion Law (Quasiparticle Hamiltonian) 498
33.5 Louis de Broglie Ratio and the Estimation of the Energy Range of Electron Injection into Graphene 499
33.6 Main Characteristics of Analytical Dynamics for a Conduction Electron in Graphene 500
33.7 Conclusions 504
References 506
34 Simulation of the Formation of a Surface Nano-Crater Under the Action of High-Power Pulsed Radiation 508
34.1 Introduction 508
34.2 Dynamics Equations System for the Crater Formation 509
34.3 Investigation of the Asymptotic “Behavior” of the Crater Form Function 512
34.4 Conclusions 516
References 517
35 Ballistic Transmission of the Dirac Quasielectrons Through the Barrier in the 3D T209pological Insulators 519
35.1 Introduction 519
35.2 Model and Formulae 520
35.3 Results and Discussion 522
35.4 Conclusion 526
References 527
36 The Perspective Synthesis Methods and Researchof Nickel Ferrites 528
36.1 Introduction 528
36.2 Imaginations About Ferrites 529
36.2.1 The Microwave Combustion 534
36.2.2 Sol–Gel Method 536
36.2.3 The Investigation of Calcination Temperature 539
36.3 Applications of Ferrites 542
36.3.1 Catalysts Based on Nickel Ferrite 542
36.3.2 Nickel Ferrites for Gas Sensing 543
36.3.3 Nickel Ferrites in Water Treatment 543
36.4 Conclusions 544
References 545
37 Electron Irradiation of Carbon Nanotubes 547
References 551
38 Influence of Irradiation with Deuterium Ions on the Magnetic Properties and Structure of Nickel 552
38.1 Introduction 552
38.2 Methods 553
38.3 Results and Discussion 553
38.4 Conclusions 557
References 558
39 Formation of VI-B Group Metal Silicides from Molten Salts 559
39.1 Introduction 559
39.2 Experimental 560
39.3 Results and Discussion 561
39.4 Conclusions 564
References 564
40 The Structure of Reinforced Layers of the Complex Method 566
40.1 Introduction 566
40.2 Materials and Methods 566
40.3 Discussion 568
40.4 Conclusions 577
References 580
41 Technology and the Main Technological Equipment of the Process to Obtain N4HNO3 with Nanoporous Structure 581
41.1 Introduction 581
41.2 The Review and the Analysis of the Main Constructions of Vortex Granulators 582
41.3 An Influence of the Constructions of Vortex Granulators on the PAN Granules' Structure 586
41.4 Conclusions 589
References 589
42 Study of Structural Changes in a Nickel Oxide Containing Anode Material During Reduction and Oxidation at 600 C 591
42.1 Introduction 591
42.2 Materials and Methods 592
42.3 Results and Discussion 593
42.4 Conclusions 599
References 599
Index 601