Earth's Magnetic Field

Claudia Stolle is head of the Geomagnetism section at GeoForschungsZentrum (GFZ) Potsdam and Professor of Geomagnetism at the University of Potsdam, Germany. Her research interests include ionospheric physics with focus on plasma, geomagnetic, and navigational observations. She has been involved in the scientific product design of the Swarm satellite constellation mission. She is author or co-author of over 60 peer-reviewed publications and book chapters.   Nils Olsen is a professor of geophysics at the Technical University of Denmark and at the Niels Bohr Institute of Copenhagen University. His scientific interests cover the various contributions to Earth’s magnetic field, spanning from core dynamics to ionospheric and magnetospheric magnetic field contributions and their use in probing the conductivity of Earth’s interior. He is head of the Swarm DISC consortium, which is responsible for the scientific exploitation of the Swarm satellite constellation mission. Nils hasauthored or co-authored more than 140 peer-reviewed articles and book contributions. Arthur Richmond is a senior scientist in the High Altitude Observatory of the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colorado, USA.  His principal research interest is the dynamics and electrodynamics of the Earth’s upper atmosphere, including numerical and empirical modelling and the analysis of observations. He is author or co-author of over 200 publications. Herman Opgenoorth is Professor at the Swedish Institute of Space Physics in Uppsala. His principal research interests are the interaction of the solar wind with the magnetosphere, the upper atmosphere, and the ionosphere of Earth and other planets (such as Mars). He also has a background in science mission management as former Head of Solar and Solar Terrestrial and later Solar System Missions at ESA. His scientific work on coordinated space and ground-based observations has resulted in 200 publications and a number of books.

Introduction: Earth's Magnetic Field: Understanding Sources from the Earth's Interior and its Environment.- Acknowledgements.- Part I: Classifications and observations.- Chapter 1: Magnetic Signatures of Ionospheric and Magnetospheric Current Systems During Geomagnetic Quiet Conditions—An Overview.- Chapter 2: Magnetic Coordinate Systems.- Chapter 3: On the Usage of Geomagnetic Indices for Data Selection in Internal Field Modelling.- Chapter 4: The Mid-Latitude Positive Bay and the MPB Index of Substorm Activity.- Chapter 5: Key Ground-Based and Space-Based Assets to Disentangle Magnetic Field Sources in the Earth’s Environment.- Part II: External field relevance for investigating the Earth’s interior.- Chapter 6: Challenges Handling Magnetospheric and Ionospheric Signals in Internal Geomagnetic Field Modelling.- Chapter 7: Magnetic Field Data Correction in Space for Modelling the Lithospheric Magnetic Field.- Part III: Impact of the geomagnetic large-scale spatial and long-term variations for investigating near-Earth space.- Chapter 8: North–South Asymmetries in Earth’s Magnetic Field.- Chapter 9: The Impact of Century-Scale Changes in the Core Magnetic Field on External Magnetic Field Contributions.- Part IV: Observations, models, and simulations of near-Earth electrodynamics.- Chapter 10: Magnetic Field Perturbations from Currents in the Dark Polar Regions During Quiet Geomagnetic Conditions.- Chapter 11: Sq and EEJ—A Review on the Daily Variation of the Geomagnetic Field Caused by Ionospheric Dynamo Currents.- Chapter 12: Post-Storm Middle and Low-Latitude Ionospheric Electric Fields Effects.- Chapter 13: Large Scale High-Latitude Ionospheric Electrodynamic Fields and Currents.- Chapter 14: The F -Region Gravity and Pressure Gradient Current Systems: A Review.- Chapter 15:  F -Region Dynamo Simulations at Low and Mid-Latitude.- Chapter 16: Low and Midlatitude Ionospheric Plasma Density Irregularities an Their Effects on Geomagnetic Field.- Chapter 17: Near-EarthMagnetic Field Effects of Large-Scale Magnetospheric Currents.- Chapter 18: Overview of Solar Wind–Magnetosphere–Ionosphere–Atmosphere Coupling and the Generation of Magnetospheric Currents.- Chapter 19: Structure of High Latitude Currents in Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Models.- Chapter 20: Erratum to: Structure of High Latitude Currents in Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Models.-  Chapter 21: Using OpenGGCM to Compute and Separate Magnetosphere Magnetic Perturbations Measured on Board Low Earth Orbiting Satellites.