Advances in Kaiyu Studies (eBook)
XIII, 467 Seiten
Springer Singapore (Verlag)
978-981-13-1739-2 (ISBN)
Saburo Saito, Fukuoka University
This book is the first systematic exposition of advances in Kaiyu studies carried out by the author and his colleagues in Japan and other parts of Asia. Consumer shop-around behavior is referred to as Kaiyu in Japanese, a term widely used in several fields such as city planning, marketing, real estate, tourism, and regional policy. The book demonstrates how Kaiyu research has evolved from the original idea to the present state and envisages prospective Kaiyu studies in the age of big data and the Internet of Things (IoT). The distinguishing feature of their research is that Kaiyu is regarded as consumers' simultaneous decisions sequentially made while undertaking their shop-arounds as to which shops they visit, for what purpose, and how much they spend there. This is a sharp contrast to much research on trip chains, which only deal with spatial movements. As a result, their studies first succeeded in empirically exploring the relationships between consumer shop-around movements and money flows among shopping sites within a city center retail environment. As a result, the author and his coworkers uncovered the roles of many urban policies and facilities inexplicit so far by revealing how they contribute to the turnover of the whole town through stimulating Kaiyu. This gives a universal means of evaluation for urban development policy. Thus they have refreshed the scope of consumer shop-around studies from shop-around movements in the context of city planning, shopping marketing, and evaluation of urban revitalization policy, to town equity researches. This book presents step by step these conceptual developments by showing concrete research examples from their vast Kaiyu studies based on numerous empirical interview surveys at real retail environments.
Saburo Saito, Fukuoka UniversityKosuke Yamashiro, Fukuoka University
Preface 7
Contents 9
Contributors 12
Chapter 1: Introduction: A Meta-theoretic Evaluation Framework for Kaiyu Studies 13
1 An Evaluative Viewpoint for Urban Development and Management Policy Research 13
1.1 City As a City Formation System 14
Physical System 14
Activity System 14
Social Decision-Making System 15
City As a City Formation System 16
1.2 Three Evaluation Schemes 16
1.3 Ideal City Type Evaluation Scheme 17
1.4 Activity Effect Type Evaluation Scheme 18
Basic Form of Activity Effect Evaluation Scheme 18
Physical=Activity Interdependence Extension Form 19
Policy Extension Form 20
1.5 City Formation System Type Evaluation Scheme 20
References 21
Part I: Policy Evaluation from Kaiyu Movements 23
Chapter 2: How Did the Large-Scale City Center Retail Redevelopment Change Consumer Shop-Around Behaviors?: A Case of the City... 24
1 Purpose of This Study 25
2 Large-Scale Redevelopment at City Center Commercial District of Fukuoka City and Surveys of Consumer Shop-Around Behaviors 27
2.1 Outline of Large-Scale Redevelopment at Downtown Fukuoka 27
2.2 Surveys of Consumer Shop-Around Behaviors at the City Center of Fukuoka City 28
3 Method of Measuring the Effect of Large-Scale Redevelopment Using the Shop-Around Markov Model 29
3.1 The Shop-Around Markov Model 29
3.2 Aggregation Validity of the Shop-Around Markov Model 32
3.3 Measuring the Effect of the Large-Scale Redevelopment 33
3.4 Center of Gravity by Visit Frequency 34
4 Results of the Surveys of Shop-Around Behavior in the Downtown Fukuoka Area 35
5 Measurement of Structural Changes in the City Center District due to Large-Scale Redevelopment: Verification of the Southwar... 39
5.1 Interannual Comparison of Shop-Around Choice Probability 39
5.2 Interannual Comparison of the Shop-Around Effect 39
5.3 Interannual Comparison of Shop-Around Visit Frequency and Total Visit Frequency 44
5.4 Measurement of the Effect of Large-Scale Redevelopment on Visit Frequency 49
5.5 Measuring the Effect of the Large-Scale Redevelopment on Shop-Around Pattern 52
5.6 Southward Movement of the Center of Gravity in the Tenjin District As Derived from the Visit Frequency 54
6 Conclusion and Future Research 54
References 56
Chapter 3: Evaluating Municipal Tourism Policy from How Visitors Walk Around Historical Heritage Area: An Evaluation of the ``... 58
1 Purpose 59
2 Analysis Framework 60
2.1 Outline of the ``Walking Path of History´´ 60
2.2 Data Used 60
2.3 Method 63
2.4 Kaiyu Markov Model 63
3 What Places Do Visitors to Dazaifu City Visit and How Do They Kaiyu? 65
3.1 Total Number of Incoming Visitors to Dazaifu Tenman-gu Shrine 65
3.2 Estimation of the Number of Visitors Entering Dazaifu City 66
3.3 Comparison of Estimated Number of Visitors with Real Counted Numbers 70
3.4 Estimated Result of Kaiyu Movements Among Attractions Within Dazaifu City 71
4 Evaluating Tourism Policy of Walking Path of History 77
5 Conclusion and Further Research 77
References 78
Chapter 4: How Did the Extension of Underground Shopping Mall Vitalize Kaiyu Within City Center? 79
1 Purpose 80
2 Framework of the Analysis 81
2.1 Tenjin Area in Fukuoka City 81
2.2 Data Used 82
2.3 Shop-Around Markov Model 83
2.4 The Definition of Shop-Around Effect 85
3 Measurement of Shop-Around Effects and Their Interannual Comparison 86
4 Estimation of the Numbers of Shop-Around Visits and Total Visits and Their Interannual Comparison 90
4.1 Interannual Comparisons of Visits, Shop-Around Visits, and Total Visits 95
4.2 Interannual Comparisons of Visits, Shop-Around Visits, and Total Visits Among Department Stores 96
4.3 Evaluating the Development Projects by Kaiyu Index 97
5 Conclusion 97
References 98
Part II: Some Characteristics of Kaiyu 99
Chapter 5: Occurrence Order of Shop-Around Purposes 100
1 The Purpose of the Study 100
2 Method 102
2.1 Survey Data 102
2.2 Definition of Terms Used in the Analysis 103
2.3 Procedure for the Analysis 105
3 Stationarity of the Transition Probability of Shop-Around Purpose 106
3.1 Purpose Transition Probability by Shop-Around Steps 106
3.2 Analysis of the Probability of ``Returning Home´´ 106
3.3 Stationarity of Purpose Transition Probability Excluding the Purpose of ``Returning Home´´ 109
4 Analysis of the Occurrence Order of Shop-Around Purpose by Ratio Scale Decomposition Method 110
4.1 Shop-Around Purpose Distribution by Shop-Around Steps 110
4.2 Method 113
4.3 Results of the Analysis for All Behavior Purposes 114
4.4 Results of the Analysis Limited to Non-derived Purposes 116
5 Conclusion and Future Challenges 118
References 118
Chapter 6: Kaiyu Distance Distribution Function at Downtown Space 120
1 Introduction 121
2 Framework of the Analysis 122
2.1 Data Used 122
2.2 Definition of Shop-Around (Kaiyu) and Its Measurement 123
2.3 Estimation Method of the Shop-Around (Kaiyu) Distance Distribution Function 125
2.4 Procedure of the Analysis 127
3 Analysis of Shop-Around (Kaiyu) Step Distribution 128
3.1 Method 128
3.2 Results of the Analysis 128
4 Nonparametric Estimation of Shop-Around (Kaiyu) Distance Distribution Function 129
4.1 Method 129
4.2 Results of the Analysis 131
5 Estimation by Proportional Hazard Model 132
5.1 Method 132
5.2 Results of the Analysis 135
6 Estimation by the Exponential Weibull Model 136
6.1 Method 136
6.2 Results of the Analysis 136
7 Conclusion and Future Challenges 137
References 138
Chapter 7: The Factors Determining Staying Time of Kaiyu in City Center 140
1 Purpose 141
2 Framework of the Analysis 141
2.1 Definition of the Length of Staying Time of Shop-Around 141
2.2 Data Used 142
2.3 Multiple Regression Analysis Employed 142
3 The Length of Shop-Around Staying Time Differs Among People with Different Individual Characteristics? 144
3.1 Average Length of Shop-Around Staying Time 144
3.2 Average Shop-Around Staying Time by Gender 144
3.3 Average Shop-Around Staying Time by Age 145
3.4 Average Shop-Around Staying Time by Main Purposes 145
3.5 Average Shop-Around Staying Time by Travel Time Distances 146
3.6 Average Shop-Around Staying Time by Travel Costs 146
4 Multiple Regression Analysis for Exploring Factors to Determine the Length of Shop-Around (Kaiyu) Staying Time 147
4.1 The Model Using All the Explanatory Variables 147
4.2 The Model Estimated by Backward Variable Selection Method 147
5 Concluding Remarks 150
References 151
Chapter 8: Little´s Formula and Parking Behaviors 153
1 Purpose 154
2 Little´s Formula and Data Used 155
2.1 Little´s Formula 155
2.2 Data Used 156
2.3 Dividing the City Center Retail District by Access Directions 158
2.4 Total Number of Visitors Who Visit the City Center by Car 158
2.5 Parking Capacity for Each Block of Tenjin 159
3 Little´s Formula and Parking Capacity Analysis 159
3.1 Arrival Rate 159
3.2 Average Staying Time for Visitors by Car 160
3.3 Demand for Parking Lots Calculated by Little´s Formula 160
3.4 Parking Capacity Analysis 161
4 Analysis of Parking Behavior by Access Directions 161
4.1 Access Directions by Car to the City Center 161
4.2 Choices of Parking Blocks 162
4.3 Cruising Time to Find Parking Lot by Access Directions 163
5 Parking Capacity Analysis by Parking Blocks 164
5.1 Arrival Time and Departure Time by Parking Blocks 164
5.2 Arrival Rates for Parking Blocks 165
5.3 Average Staying Time for Visitors by Car 167
5.4 Demand for Parking Lots for Five Parking Blocks Calculated by Little´s Formula 167
5.5 Parking Capacity Analysis for Five Parking Blocks 168
6 Conclusion 169
References 170
Part III: Economic Effects by Accelerating Kaiyu 171
Chapter 9: The Economic Effects of City Center 100-Yen Circuit Bus 172
1 Purpose of Research 173
2 Features of the Fukuoka City Center 100-Yen Bus 176
2.1 Operating Area and Routes of the Fukuoka City Center 100-Yen Bus 176
2.2 Number of Units in Operation and Frequencies 177
2.3 Results After the Introduction of the City Center 100-Yen Bus 178
3 User Characteristics of the City Center 100-Yen Bus According to the Survey of Kaiyu Behaviors at the City Center of Fukuoka... 178
3.1 Survey of Kaiyu Behaviors at the City Center of Fukuoka City 178
3.2 Characteristics of the City Center 100-Yen Bus Users 183
Number of Steps During Kaiyu 183
Average Number of Consumer Kaiyu Steps of the City Center 100-Yen Bus Users 185
Average Expenditure for City Center 100-Yen Bus Users 187
4 Estimation of the Economic Effect of the Fukuoka City Center 100-Yen Bus 188
4.1 Estimating the Economic Effect 188
4.2 Results of Estimation 189
5 Conclusion and Future Challenges 191
References 192
Chapter 10: Time Value of Shopping 195
1 Purpose 196
2 Previous Studies 198
3 Framework of the Analysis 200
3.1 Time Value Measurement Method 200
3.2 Forecasting Method of Transport Mode Share 202
3.3 Data 202
Survey of Kaiyu Behaviors at the City Center of Fukuoka City: Data on Transport Modal Choice 202
Kaiyu History Recorded 204
Criteria for Modal Choice 204
Choice Result by Mode 204
Required Time and Cost by Mode 205
Data on Required Time 205
Data on Required Cost 206
4 Results of Measuring Time Value 206
4.1 Measurement Results from Two Modes by Subway and Bus 206
4.2 Results of Measurement from Two Modes by Day of Week 207
4.3 Results of Measurement from Three Modes Including Walking 209
4.4 Measurement Results by Modal Choices of Subway, Bus, and Walking 209
5 Measurement of Time Value by Attribute 210
5.1 Measurement of Time Value by Respondent´s Travel Cost and Its Characteristics 211
5.2 Measurement of Time Value by Individual Attributes 212
Gender 212
Age 212
5.3 Measurement of Time Value by Purpose and Purchasing Attitude in the City Center District 214
Main Purpose in the Downtown Area 214
Purchasing Attitude 216
6 Application of Time Value to the Ex Ante and Ex Post Forecast of Changes in Travel Mode Choices Caused by the Introduction o... 218
6.1 Ex Ante Forecast of Modal Share After the Introduction of City Center 100-Yen Bus Using 1999 Data and Its Evaluation 218
6.2 Ex Post Forecast of Modal Share Before the Introduction of City Center 100-Yen Bus Using 2000 Data and Its Evaluation 219
7 Conclusion and Future Challenges 220
References 221
Chapter 11: Roles of City Center Cafés and Their Economic Effects on City Center: A Consumer Behavior Approach Focusing on Kai... 222
1 Purpose 223
2 Framework of the Analysis 224
2.1 Data Used 224
2.2 Procedure of the Analysis 225
3 Functions of City Center Cafés from the Viewpoint of Consumers´ Use Behavior 225
3.1 Attributes of City Center Café Users 225
Percentage by Gender 226
Percentage by Age 226
3.2 Utilization Rate of City Center Cafés 226
City Center Café Utilization Rate by Gender 226
Utilization Rate of City Center Cafés by Age 226
Utilization Rate of City Center Cafés by Occupation 227
Utilization Rate of City Center Cafés by the Number and Types of Companions 228
3.3 Characteristics of the Utilization of City Center Cafés 230
Reasons for Using City Center Cafés 230
Average Expenditure at City Center Cafés Per Visit 232
Frequency of Visits to City Center Cafés 232
Length of Time Staying at City Center Cafés 232
City Center Cafés Most Frequented in the City Center District 232
3.4 Comparison of the Utilization of Starbucks, Doutor, and Other City Center Cafés 234
City Center Cafés Used on the Day of the Survey 234
Reasons for Stopping at a City Center Café 234
Length of Time Staying at City Center Cafés 235
Expenditure Spent at City Center Cafés 236
3.5 Average Number of Kaiyu Steps of Visitors Who Used City Center Cafés 236
Comparison Between Average Numbers of Kaiyu Steps for Users and Nonusers of City Center Cafés 237
Average Number of Kaiyu Steps of City Center Café Users by Time of Use 237
3.6 Average Expenditure of City Center Café Users 238
Average Expenditure Per Kaiyu Step of City Center Café User 239
Average Expenditure by Time of Use 239
4 Estimation of the Economic Effect of City Center Cafés 240
4.1 Conceptualizing the Economic Effect of City Center Cafés 240
4.2 Estimated Results 240
Number of City Center Café Users 240
Percentage of City Center Café Users in the Middle of Kaiyu 241
Increase of the Number of Kaiyu Steps 241
Average Expenditure per Kaiyu Step 241
Economic Effect of City Center Cafés 241
5 Conclusion and Future Challenges 242
References 242
Part IV: Economic Effects by Increasing Visitors 244
Chapter 12: The Economic Effects of Opening a New Subway Line on City Center Commercial District 245
1 Purpose 246
2 Route of Fukuoka City Subway Nanakuma Line and Study Area 250
3 Procedure to Estimate Economic Effect 251
4 Estimating Models of Modal Choice and Visit Frequency 252
4.1 Data Used 252
Consumer Travel Behavior Survey at the City Center of Fukuoka City 253
Complementary Data by GIS 253
Distance Measurement by GIS Software 254
Calculation of Travel Time and Travel Cost 254
4.2 Modal Choice Model: Formulation and Estimated Results 255
Formulation 255
Estimated Results of Parameters for Modal Choice Model 255
4.3 Visit Frequency Model: Formulation and Estimated Results 256
Formulation of Visit Frequency Model 256
Estimated Results of Parameters 256
5 Forecasting Economic Effects on the City Center Commercial District of Fukuoka City 257
5.1 Data Required for Forecasting 258
Population Data of Study Area 258
Calculating Travel Time and Travel Cost by Transport Means by Town-Chome Division Using GIS 258
5.2 Predicted Results for Modal Choice After the Subway Opens 259
Assumptions of Predicting Modal Choice for Town-Chome Division 259
Predicted Results for Modal Shift by Town-Chome Division 259
Case with Park and Ride 259
Case Without Park and Ride 260
5.3 Forecast Result of the Number of Visitors to the City Center 260
Case with Park and Ride 261
Case Without Park and Ride 261
5.4 Average Expenditure at the City Center District per Visit 261
5.5 Result of Economic Effects 262
Case with Park and Ride 262
Case Without Park and Ride 262
6 Conclusion and Future Challenges 262
References 263
Chapter 13: Did an Introduction of a New Subway Line Increase the Frequency of Visits to City Center? 265
1 Purpose 266
2 Framework of the Analysis 267
2.1 Overview of Fukuoka City Subway Nanakuma Line 267
2.2 Data Used 268
2.3 Method to Verify the Increase in the Frequency of Visits to the City Center District of Fukuoka City 270
3 Changes in Transport Means to the City Center Before and After the Opening of the Subway Line 271
4 Verification of the Increase in the Frequency of Visits to the City Center Before and After the Opening of the Subway 273
4.1 Changes in Visit Frequency Pre and Post the Subway Opening 273
4.2 Comparison of Changes in the Frequency of Visits to the City Center Before and After the Opening by Nanakuma Line Users an... 273
5 Conclusion and Future Challenges 275
References 275
Chapter 14: To What Extent Did the Woodworks Festival Attract People? 276
1 Purpose 277
2 Framework of the Analysis 279
2.1 Overview of the Okawa Woodworks Festival 279
2.2 The Method to Measure the Customer Attraction Effect of the Woodworks Festival 279
2.3 Data Used 280
2.4 Sample Profile 281
Gender 281
Age 281
Visit Purpose 281
3 Comparison Between Visitors with Festival Purpose and with Other Purposes 282
3.1 Expenditure at the ``Spring Okawa Woodworks Festival´´ 283
Total Expenditure in Okawa City 283
Expenditure at Okawa Woodworks Festival Venue 284
Expenditure Outside the Okawa Woodworks Festival Venue 285
3.2 Comparison of Travel Time 285
3.3 Comparison of Visited Places on the Day of the Festival 287
4 Measuring the Customer Attraction Effect of the Okawa Woodworks Festival 287
4.1 Procedure of the Analysis and Data 289
Procedure of the Estimation 289
Data 289
4.2 Estimation Model 290
Visit Frequency Poisson Model 290
Estimated Results of the Parameter 291
4.3 Results of Forecasting the Number of Usual Daily Visitors to Okawa City from the Okawa Metropolitan Area 292
4.4 Estimating the Number of Visitors Attracted by the Okawa Woodworks Festival from the Okawa Metropolitan Area 292
5 How Far the Okawa Woodworks Festival Attracts Visitors From? 293
5.1 Method for Determining Visitor Attraction Area by the Festival 293
5.2 Parameter Estimated Results 294
5.3 Visitor Attraction Area of the Okawa Woodworks Festival 295
6 TV Commercial Is Effective for Enlarging the Visitor Attraction Area? 295
6.1 Model to Estimate the Effect of TV Commercials 295
6.2 Parameter Estimated Results and the Enlargement Effect by TV Commercials 296
Parameters Estimated 296
Enlargement Effect by TV Commercials on Visitor Attraction Area of the Okawa Woodworks Festival 297
7 Conclusion and Future Challenges 297
References 298
Chapter 15: How Did the Effects of the Festival Held on Main Street Spread Over Other Districts Within a City Center? 299
1 Purpose 300
2 Framework of the Analysis 302
2.1 Outline of the Kumamoto Castle Festival 302
2.2 Data Used 302
2.3 Method for the Analysis 303
2.4 Consistent Estimation Method 305
3 The Effect of the Kumamoto Castle Festival from the Viewpoint of Kaiyu Behaviors 306
3.1 Estimating the Net Total Number of Incoming Visitors to the Whole City Center District of Kumamoto City 306
3.2 Comparing Visit Ratios to Zones by Visit Purposes of Visitors 308
3.3 Comparing the Number of Visitors to Zones by Visit Purposes of Visitors 308
4 Measuring the Effect of the Kumamoto Castle Festival on Expenditure 308
4.1 Average Expenditure per Visit for Each Zone 308
4.2 The Effect of the Kumamoto Castle Festival on Expenditure 313
5 Conclusion and Future Challenges 313
References 315
Part V: Kaiyu Marketing and Value of Visit to City Center 316
Chapter 16: Did the Grand Renewal Opening of Department Store Enhance the Visit Value of Customers? 317
1 Purpose 318
1.1 Background and Aim of This Study 318
1.2 Purpose of This Study 320
2 Framework of the Analysis 321
2.1 Data Used 321
Outline of the 9th (2004) Survey of Consumer Shop-Around Behavior at the City Center of Fukuoka City 321
Characteristics of Data Used: Retrospective Panel Data 322
2.2 Procedure for the Analysis 322
Framework for Analyzing Changes in Purchasing Behaviors Before and After Iwataya Renewal 322
Analyses to Be Done 324
Measurements of Purpose Realization Rate, Frequency of Visits, and Expenditure per Month 324
Integrated Measures for the Old and the New Iwataya 325
3 Changes in Purpose Realization Rate, Visit Frequency, and Expenditure per Month Before and After the Renewal 326
3.1 Changes in Purpose Realization Rate Before and After the Renewal by Age Groups 327
3.2 Changes in Visit Frequency Before and After the Renewal by Age Groups 329
3.3 Changes in Expenditure per Month Before and After the Renewal by Age Groups 329
4 Analysis of the Effect of Purpose Realization Rate on Visit Frequency and Expenditure 329
4.1 Effects of Purpose Realization Rate on Visit Frequency and Expenditure 332
4.2 Cumulative Distribution Functions for Groups with High and Low Purpose Realization Rate with Respect to Visit Frequency an... 332
5 The Increases in Purpose Realization Rate Cause the Increases in Visit Frequency and Expenditure Before and After the Renewa... 334
5.1 Division Ratio Cross Tabulation Method 334
5.2 The Increases in Purpose Realization Rate Cause the Increase in the Visit Frequency and the Expenditure? 337
6 Conclusion and Future Challenges 339
References 340
Chapter 17: A New Entry of Large Variety Shop Increases the Value of City Center? 341
1 Purpose of This Study 342
2 Data Used 343
3 The Entry of Tenjin Loft Changes Consumer Purchasing Behaviors for Personal Items at Tenjin District? 344
4 Images of Tenjin Loft and INCUBE and Their Effects on Store Choices 346
4.1 Comparative Analysis of the Images Held by Consumers Who Changed Their Purchase Destinations to Loft and Those Who Did Not 346
Method 346
Results of the Comparisons 347
4.2 A Conditional Logit Model for Analyzing How Store Images Affect the Switch of Purchase Destinations 348
Method 348
Results of the Analyses 349
5 Changes in Consumer Behaviors Caused by the Opening of Tenjin Loft 350
5.1 A Framework for Analyzing Changes in Consumer Behaviors Before and After the Opening of Tenjin Loft 350
5.2 Consumers Who Changed Their Purchase Destinations from INCUBE to Tenjin Loft Enhanced Their Purpose Realization Rate? 352
6 Influence of Purpose Realization Rate on Visit Frequency and Expenditure 353
6.1 Influence of Purpose Realization Rate on Visit Frequency to Tenjin District 353
6.2 Influence of Purpose Realization Rate on Expenditure at Tenjin District 354
7 Conclusion and Future Challenges 356
References 357
Part VI: Emerging View of the Goal of Urban Development 358
Chapter 18: The Concept of Town Equity and the Goal of Urban Development 359
1 Information and Evaluation of Town 359
1.1 Information Evolution of Town Walking: Information and the Hypothesis on the Attractiveness of Town 359
The Hard Trick for Information Evolution: Canal City Hakata as an Example 359
The Soft Trick for Information Evolution: The Concept of Hypertext City 361
2 The Concept of Town Equity 362
2.1 Dynamics of Changes of Hotspots Within a City Center District 362
2.2 Brand Equity 362
2.3 Definition of Town Equity 363
3 The Goal of Urban Development 364
References 365
Chapter 19: City Center Parking Policy: A Business Model Approach 367
1 Purpose of This Study 368
2 Data Used 369
2.1 The Twelfth Survey of Consumer Shop-Around Behaviors at City Center of Fukuoka City 369
2.2 The First Survey of Behaviors of Shoppers Using Parking Lots at City Center of Fukuoka City 369
3 Size of Economy that Car-Use Shoppers Bring to the City Center of Fukuoka City 370
3.1 Expenditure Car-Use Shoppers Spend at the Tenjin District 370
3.2 Annual Sales of Parking Lots 370
3.3 Economy Size that Car-Use Shoppers Bring to Tenjin District 371
4 Size of Economic Loss due to Cruising Behaviors for Parking 371
4.1 Estimating Cruising Time for Parking by Car-Use Shoppers at the Tenjin District 371
Average Cruising Time for Parking by Access Directions by Parking Blocks 372
Total Cruising Time for Parking Spent by Car-Use Shoppers at the Tenjin District 373
4.2 Calculating the Size of Economic Loss by Cruising Time for Parking 374
4.3 Economic Effects by Shortening Cruising Time for Parking 375
5 City Center Parking Policies: A Business Model 376
5.1 A Business Model for City Center Parking Policies Focusing on the Staying Time 376
5.2 A Model to Determine the Staying Time of Car-Use Shoppers at the Tenjin District 377
5.3 Estimated Results of Parameters 378
5.4 How the Staying Time of Car-Use Shoppers Is Increased by Reducing Parking Fees and Relocating Parking Lots to Optimal Loca... 378
Cases to Forecast the Staying Time 378
Case When the Parking Lots Are Relocated to Optimal Locations 379
Case When Parking Fees Are Made Halved 380
5.5 A Business Model for Implementing the City Center Parking Policy to Halve Parking Fees Under Optimal Parking Lot Locations 380
The Amount of Compensation for Halving Parking Fees 381
Increase of Retail Sales at the Tenjin District 381
Profits for the Enterprise Implementing the City Center Parking Policy 382
The Net Increase of the Retail Sales at the Tenjin District: Economic Effect of City Center Parking Policy on the Tenjin Distr... 382
6 Further Elaboration of a Business Model for Implementing the City Center Parking Policy 383
6.1 Further Elaboration of the Previous City Center Parking Policy 383
6.2 A Model to Forecast the Shift to the Fringe Parking Lots 384
6.3 Results of Parameters Estimated 385
6.4 Forecasted Results of the Numbers of Fringe Parking Users Under Several Settings of Parking Fees 385
6.5 Refinement of the Business Model for Implementing the City Center Parking Policy 387
Cases Examined 387
Case 1 387
Profit for the Enterprise 387
Net Increase of Retail Sales at the Tenjin District 388
Case 2 388
Profit for the Enterprise 388
Net Increase of Retail Sales at the Tenjin District 389
7 Conclusion and Future Challenges 390
References 391
Part VII: Information and Consumer Kaiyu Behaviors 393
Chapter 20: Exploring Information Processing Behaviors of Consumers in the Middle of Their Kaiyu with Smartphone 394
1 Purpose of This Study 395
2 Overview of the Social Experiment 396
2.1 Outline of the Social Experiment 396
IMES (Indoor MEssaging System) 397
Participants in the Social Experiment 398
Smartphone App 399
2.2 Data Obtained by the Social Experiment 399
2.3 How to Measure Consumer Information Processing Behaviors? 401
3 Analysis of Shake, Tap, and Kaiyu Visualization 402
3.1 Kaiyu Visualization 402
3.2 Feature of Shake for Searching 403
3.3 Feature of Tap for Focusing on the Detail Information 404
3.4 Feature of Visit 405
3.5 Feature of Transition Rates 407
4 What Kind of Information Provision Stimulates Tap by Consumers 408
4.1 A Logit Model to Investigate What Information Factors Affect ``Tap´´ by Consumers 408
4.2 Estimated Results 409
5 What Kind of Information Provision Most Effectively Induces Kaiyu? 409
5.1 Visit Ratios of Tapped Shops 409
5.2 How the Forms of Information Contents Affect Shop Visits? 410
With or Without Banners and Visit Ratios 411
With or Without Headlines and Visit Ratios 411
With or Without Explanatory Notes and Visit Ratios 411
With or Without Supplements and Visit Ratios 412
6 Conclusion and Future Challenges 412
References 413
Part VIII: Urban Policy and Consumer Welfare 414
Chapter 21: Travel Demand Function of Korean Tourists to Kyushu Region, Japan 415
1 Purpose of This Study 416
1.1 Background 416
1.2 Purpose 417
2 Travel Demand Function: A Composite Transport Goods Approach 418
2.1 How to Construct an Estimable Model of Travel Demand from Available Data 418
2.2 A Hierarchical Nested Utility Function 419
3 Estimating Travel Demand Function Without Income Data 422
3.1 Data Used 422
3.2 Estimation Method 422
3.3 Estimated Results 423
4 The Estimated Model Can Accurately Predict Drastic Increases and Drops of Korean Tourists? 424
4.1 Forecasting Method 424
Predicting the Annual Number of Visits to Fukuoka for Individuals 424
Predicting the Aggregate Number of Korean Visitors to Fukuoka 424
4.2 Can We Predict the Drastic Increases and Drops of Korean Tourists to Fukuoka from 2005 to 2009? 425
4.3 Some Property of Our Model 427
5 Conclusion and Further Research 429
References 430
Chapter 22: Direct Approach to Estimating Welfare Changes Brought by a New Subway Line 432
1 Purpose of This Study 433
1.1 Background 433
1.2 Purpose 434
2 A Hierarchical Nested CES (Constant Elasticity Substitution) Utility Function: Its Formulation and Estimation 435
2.1 Model 435
2.2 Generalized Travel Cost 438
2.3 Estimation Method 438
Estimating Parameters phi, ? 438
Estimating Parameters ?, ? 439
Estimating Parameters ?,? 440
Estimating Parameters a,b 440
2.4 Data Used for Estimation 441
Ecole Card Usage Survey 441
Supplementary Data 442
Sample Analyzed 443
2.5 Estimated Results of Parameters 443
Estimated Result of phi, ? 443
Estimated Result of ? 443
Estimated Result of Elasticity of Substitution ? 444
Estimated Result of Parameters ?, ? 444
Estimated Result of 445
2.6 The City Center Visit Demand Function After the Opening 445
From Eq. (22.14), we have 445
3 Model Verification 446
4 Overview of Fukuoka City Subway Nanakuma Line 449
4.1 The City Subway Nanakuma Line 449
4.2 Definition of the Area Along the Subway Line 450
5 Welfare Changes Brought to Residents Along Subway Line 451
5.1 Method to Forecast the Changes 451
5.2 Data Used for Forecast 452
5.3 Forecast Results 453
6 Conclusion and Future Challenges 453
References 454
Index 456
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 30.1.2019 |
|---|---|
| Reihe/Serie | New Frontiers in Regional Science: Asian Perspectives | New Frontiers in Regional Science: Asian Perspectives |
| Zusatzinfo | XIII, 467 p. 102 illus., 77 illus. in color. |
| Verlagsort | Singapore |
| Sprache | englisch |
| Themenwelt | Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Geografie / Kartografie |
| Technik | |
| Wirtschaft ► Betriebswirtschaft / Management ► Marketing / Vertrieb | |
| Wirtschaft ► Betriebswirtschaft / Management ► Unternehmensführung / Management | |
| Wirtschaft ► Volkswirtschaftslehre ► Mikroökonomie | |
| Wirtschaft ► Volkswirtschaftslehre ► Wirtschaftspolitik | |
| Schlagworte | Consumer Behavior • Engineering Economics • Kaiyu • Policy Evaluation • Shop-Around • Town Equity • Urban Development |
| ISBN-10 | 981-13-1739-9 / 9811317399 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-981-13-1739-2 / 9789811317392 |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
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DRM: Digitales Wasserzeichen
Dieses eBook enthält ein digitales Wasserzeichen und ist damit für Sie personalisiert. Bei einer missbräuchlichen Weitergabe des eBooks an Dritte ist eine Rückverfolgung an die Quelle möglich.
Dateiformat: PDF (Portable Document Format)
Mit einem festen Seitenlayout eignet sich die PDF besonders für Fachbücher mit Spalten, Tabellen und Abbildungen. Eine PDF kann auf fast allen Geräten angezeigt werden, ist aber für kleine Displays (Smartphone, eReader) nur eingeschränkt geeignet.
Systemvoraussetzungen:
PC/Mac: Mit einem PC oder Mac können Sie dieses eBook lesen. Sie benötigen dafür einen PDF-Viewer - z.B. den Adobe Reader oder Adobe Digital Editions.
eReader: Dieses eBook kann mit (fast) allen eBook-Readern gelesen werden. Mit dem amazon-Kindle ist es aber nicht kompatibel.
Smartphone/Tablet: Egal ob Apple oder Android, dieses eBook können Sie lesen. Sie benötigen dafür einen PDF-Viewer - z.B. die kostenlose Adobe Digital Editions-App.
Zusätzliches Feature: Online Lesen
Dieses eBook können Sie zusätzlich zum Download auch online im Webbrowser lesen.
Buying eBooks from abroad
For tax law reasons we can sell eBooks just within Germany and Switzerland. Regrettably we cannot fulfill eBook-orders from other countries.
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