Intellectual Property and Clean Energy (eBook)

Matthew Rimmer is Professor in Intellectual Property and Innovation Law at the Faculty of Law, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Australia. He is a leader of the QUT Intellectual Property and Innovation Law research program, a member of the QUT Digital Media Research Centre the QUT Australian Centre for Health Law Research, and the QUT International Law and Global Governance Research Program. He has published widely on copyright law and information technology, patent law and biotechnology, access to medicines, plain packaging of tobacco products, intellectual property and climate change, and indigenous intellectual property. His current research interests include: intellectual property, the creative industries, and 3D printing; intellectual property and public health; and intellectual property and trade, looking at the Trans-Pacific Partnership, the Trans-Atlantic Trade and Investment Partnership, and the Trade in Services Agreement.

Contents 5
Contributors 8
Acknowledgements 10
Preface 12
The People’s Climate March, Flood Wall Street and the New York Climate Summit 12
1 Introduction: The Road to Paris: Intellectual Property, Human Rights, and Climate Justice 16
Abstract 16
1 Introduction 16
2 The Paris Agreement 2015 18
3 Climate Justice 27
4 Intellectual Property 32
5 Chapter Outline 37
References 39
International Agreements and Treaties 44
International Law 46
2 The Paris Agreement: Intellectual Property, Technology Transfer, and Climate Change 47
Abstract 47
1 Introduction 48
2 Climate Finance 51
3 Green Climate Fund 53
4 Intellectual Property Mechanism 55
5 Open Innovation 59
6 Public Goods 62
7 Intellectual Property Promotion and Enforcement 63
8 No Text 67
9 The Paris Agreement 2015 and Technology Transfer 71
10 Conclusion 75
References 76
International Agreements and Treaties 80
International Materials 81
3 Transparency in Climate Finance After Paris: Towards a More Effective Climate Governance Framework 82
Abstract 82
1 Introduction 82
2 Climate Governance and Climate Finance 86
2.1 The Language and Study of Climate Governance 86
2.2 Defining Climate Finance 87
2.3 The Evolution of Climate Finance Under the UNFCCC 90
3 Transparency, Finance and the UNFCCC 92
3.1 Conceptualizing Transparency in Climate Finance 92
3.2 The MRV Requirements 94
4 Transparency After Paris 96
4.1 A New Focus on Climate Finance and Transparency 96
4.2 A Separation Between Law and Procedure 97
4.3 Article 9.5 Requirements 100
5 Conclusion 101
References 102
Books, Dissertations and Book Chapters 102
Conference Papers 103
Journal Articles and References 103
International Treaties 105
4 The Paris Agreement: Development, the North-South Divide and Human Rights 106
Abstract 106
1 Introduction 106
2 The Divide Between Developed and Developing States 108
3 Differential Treatment in the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol 110
4 The Emergence of Human Rights as a New Battleground for Debates Between Developed and Developing States 111
4.1 Developing and Developed State Perspectives on Human Rights 114
5 Differential Treatment and Human Rights in the Paris Agreement 116
5.1 The Principle of CBDR in the Paris Agreement 117
5.2 Recognition of Human Rights in the Paris Agreement 119
6 Conclusion 122
References 123
Books and Chapters 123
Journal Articles 123
Treaties, Declarations and COP Decisions 124
Reports and Other Sources 125
5 Climate Change and Human Rights: Intellectual Property Challenges and Opportunities 127
Abstract 127
1 Introduction 127
1.1 Global Warming: A Planet in Crisis 127
1.2 Climate Change as a Profound Challenge to Human Rights 129
1.3 Human Rights Approaches: A New Strategy for Solving the Climate Crisis 129
2 Climate Change and Human Rights 130
2.1 The Right to Life 132
2.2 The Right to Health 133
2.3 The Rights to Water and Sanitation 135
2.4 The Right to Food 137
3 Climate Change and Intellectual Property 138
3.1 Defining Technology Transfer 138
3.2 Technology Transfer Obligations Under UNFCCC 139
3.3 The Paris Agreement 142
3.4 The International Intellectual Property Law Regime 143
4 A Human Rights Approach to Technology Transfer and Intellectual Property 145
4.1 ESTs for Human Rights 145
4.2 A Human Right to Technology Transfer? 146
4.3 Addressing Intellectual Property Impediments 148
4.3.1 A Doha-Style Declaration for TRIPS, Climate Change, and Technology Transfer 148
4.3.2 Compulsory Licensing 150
4.3.3 Patent Pools 151
4.3.4 Climate Impact Fund 153
4.3.5 A Multi-pronged Approach, Recognizing Multiple Perspectives 154
5 Conclusions 154
References 155
Books and Book Chapters 155
Journal Articles 156
Conference and Research Papers 156
News and Opinion Articles 157
Websites 157
International Instruments 157
International Treaty Body Documents 158
Regional Instruments 159
Cases 159
Reports 159
Patent Law 161
6 Intergenerational Justice: A Framework for Addressing Intellectual Property Rights and Climate Change 162
Abstract 162
1 Introduction 162
2 Intergenerational Justice 165
2.1 Who is Responsible for Technology Development and IPRs Reform? 167
2.2 A Special Responsibility on the Shoulders of Current Generations? 168
3 The Global Intellectual Property Rights System 169
3.1 Intellectual Property Rights—Problem or Solution to Climate Change Mitigation? 169
3.2 Role and Rationale of Intellectual Property Rights Applied to Climate Change Mitigation 171
3.2.1 The Intellectual Property Rights Framework and How It Functions 171
3.2.2 Why We Protect Intellectual Property, and How This Relates to Climate Change Mitigation 176
4 Intellectual Property Rights in the Climate Change Regime 180
5 Conclusion 182
References 183
Books and Chapters 183
Journal Articles 184
Case Law 185
International Agreements and Treaties 185
International Materials 186
International Disputes 186
7 Management of Intellectual Property in Australia’s Clean Technology Sector: Challenges and Opportunities in an Uncertain Regulatory Environment 187
Abstract 187
1 Introduction 187
2 Intellectual Property Management 188
3 Developing the IP Management Plan 190
3.1 Define the Invention 190
3.2 How to Best Protect the Invention 191
3.3 Financing the Commercialisation of the Invention 191
3.4 Ownership of the Invention 192
3.5 Is Third-Party Technology or Resourcing Required for the Invention to ‘Work’ 193
3.6 What Is the Pathway to Market 194
3.7 Litigation: What Are the Risks? 195
3.8 IP Management—Key Principles 197
4 Commercialisation and Management of Intellectual Property in Australia 198
4.1 The Role of the Australian University and Public-Sector Commercialisation 200
4.2 National Laboratories 202
4.3 Public Private Partnerships 203
5 Survey of Alternative, Contemporary IP Management Models 204
5.1 Patent Pools 205
5.2 Patent Fast-Tracks 206
5.3 New and Emerging Approaches—Commons, Open-Source, Philanthropy 207
5.4 Approach of Multi-lateral Institutions and Developing United Nations Frameworks 209
6 Conclusion 212
References 213
Books and Book Chapters 213
Journal Articles 213
Reports 214
International Agreements and Treaties 214
Legislation 215
Cases 215
Websites 215
8 Intellectual Property, Climate Change and Technology Transfer in South Asia 217
Abstract 217
1 Introduction 217
2 Climate Change and Technology Transfer 220
3 Importance of Clean Technology Transfer to South Asia to Address Climate Change 221
4 Addressing Technology Transfer Through International Agreements 222
5 Do IPRs Enhance or Impede Technology Transfer to South Asian Countries? 226
6 Importance of Using of Voluntary and Compulsory Licensing at National Levels to Promote Transfer of Climate-Related Technologies to South Asian Countries 229
7 Can Parallel Importation Be a Solution to Technology Transfer? 232
8 Is the Use of Patent Pooling an Option for Developing Countries in South Asia? 233
9 Is the Use of Patent Clearinghouses Effective for South Asia? 235
10 Why Flexibilities Under TRIPS Is Underused by South Asian Countries 236
11 Conclusion 238
References 239
International Materials 243
9 Intellectual Ventures: Patent Law, Climate Change, and Geoengineering 245
Abstract 245
1 Introduction 246
2 Patent Litigation and Intellectual Ventures 248
2.1 Public Research 249
2.2 Private Ventures 251
3 Patentable Subject Matter and Geoengineering 255
4 Patent Law Reform, Climate Change, and Geoengineering 263
5 International Law and the Global Governance of Geoengineering 270
6 Conclusion 275
References 276
Litigation 280
Legislation 281
International Agreements and Treaties 281
Trademark Law and Related Rights 282
10 Trademark Goodwill and Green Global Value Networks 283
Abstract 283
1 Introduction 284
2 Brands as Information Platforms in Regulatory Governance 286
3 Brand Citizenship 289
4 The Regulatory Governance Ideal: Brand Citizenship Within Cognitive Capitalism 292
5 The Regulatory Governance Reality: Missing Puzzle Pieces 293
6 Trademark Goodwill in an Age of Out-Sourcing 295
7 Certification and Sustainability Standards 297
8 Greenwashing in Governance Dialogue 298
9 Connecting Trademark Goodwill to Sustainability Governance 300
10 Conclusion 303
References 303
Trademark Registrations 306
Litigation 306
Legislation 306
International Treaties 307
11 This Ain’t Your Daddy’s Greenwashing: An Assessment of the American Petroleum Institute’s Power Past Impossible Campaign 308
Abstract 308
1 Introduction 309
2 The United States and the Paris Agreement 310
2.1 The Obama Administration 310
2.2 The Trump Administration 311
3 The American Petroleum Institute 312
3.1 API’s Advertising Campaigns 312
3.2 The API’s Power Past Impossible Campaign 313
4 Greenwashing 316
4.1 Is the API Greenwashing? 318
4.2 FTC’s Greenwashing Sanctions 321
4.3 Are the Ads Working? 323
5 Conclusion 325
References 325
International Agreements and Treaties 328
12 The Power of Visual Appeal: Designs Law and Clean Energy 329
Abstract 329
1 Introduction 329
2 The Relevance and Scope of Designs Law 330
3 Visual Appeal and Clean Energy Products 331
4 The Effectiveness of the Law 335
4.1 Utilisation of Design Protection 335
4.2 Registration of Rights 336
4.3 The Grace Period 339
5 Defences and Licences 340
6 Conclusion 344
References 345
Case Law 346
Legislation 346
International Treaties 346
13 Key Change: The Role of the Creative Industries in Climate Change Action 347
Abstract 347
1 Introduction 348
2 Culture, Art and Social Change 348
2.1 Culture, Art and Change 349
2.2 Culture, Art and Environment 351
2.3 Climate Change as a Cultural Issue 352
2.4 Historical Role of Arts in Social Movements 353
3 The Roles Artists Can Play in Climate Action 355
3.1 Raising Awareness, Drawing Attention, and ‘Educating’ Audiences 356
3.2 Framing and Priming 359
3.3 Identity Formation 361
3.4 Prefiguring New Worlds and Modelling Behaviour 363
3.5 Shaping Culture 366
4 Dangers, Risks and Pitfalls 369
4.1 Risks Surrounding the Messenger 369
4.2 Risks Surrounding the Message 371
4.3 Risks Surrounding the Process 373
5 Conclusion and Lessons 376
References 377
Interviews 377
Bibliography 377
Privacy and Trade Secrets 379
14 Environmental Sousveillance, Citizen Science and Smart Grids 380
Abstract 380
1 Introduction 380
2 Towards Climate Justice 382
3 Distributed Smartness 384
4 Environmental Smartness 387
5 Environmental Sousveillance for Open Justice 390
6 Whose Smart City? 394
7 Smart Grids as Machines for Seeing 396
8 Conclusion: Power and an Ethic of Responsibility 399
References 399
Case Law 403
International Agreements and Treaties 403
15 Protecting and Promoting Clean Energy Innovation Through the Trade Secrets Regime: Issues and Implications 404
Abstract 404
1 Introduction 405
2 Clean Energy Innovation and Trade Secrets 406
3 The ‘Stealing Arms Race’ 410
4 International Legal Framework 414
4.1 Towards More Robust Laws 416
4.2 Implications of Protection 418
4.2.1 Knowledge Diffusion, Follow-on Innovation and Hidden Environmental Costs 418
4.2.2 Technology Transfer and Developing Countries 420
5 Conclusion 424
References 425
Books and Chapters 425
Journal Articles 426
Other Internet Sources 426
Litigation 428
Legislation 428
International Agreements and Treaties 428
Open Innovation 430
16 Energy Democracy, Renewables and the Paris Agreement 431
Abstract 431
1 Introduction 432
2 Energy Democracy Initiatives 432
3 International Law Instruments and Renewables 434
3.1 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 435
3.2 International Transfer of Renewable Technology 437
3.3 The Paris Agreement 438
3.4 Summary 440
4 Other International Law Instruments 441
4.1 Energy Charter Treaty 441
4.2 World Trade Organization 442
4.3 Summary 445
5 Other Initiatives 446
5.1 International Solar Alliance 446
5.2 International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) 446
5.3 REEEP 447
5.4 Summary 447
6 Conclusion 448
References 449
International Agreements and Treaties 451
17 Climate Change and Open Data: An Information Environmentalism Perspective 452
Abstract 452
1 Introduction 452
2 The Four Analytical Frameworks of Information Environmentalism 453
2.1 Welfare Economics 454
2.2 The Commons 456
2.3 Ecology 458
2.3.1 Methodological Interrelationalism 459
2.3.2 Diversity and Resilience 459
2.4 Public Choice Theory 460
2.4.1 Separation of Economic Power Doctrine 461
3 Information Commons 463
3.1 Social Production and Information Commons 463
3.2 Informational National Parks 464
3.3 Information Commons Rights 466
3.4 Public Trust Doctrine 467
4 Climate Change and Open Data Governance Principles 469
5 Conclusion 470
References 471
Books and Chapters 471
Journal Articles 473
Case Law 474
Legislation 475
18 Open Government Data in an Age of Growing Hostility Towards Science 476
Abstract 476
1 Introduction 477
2 Open Government Data and Its Antecedents 479
3 The Evolution of Earth Observation Data 482
4 A Tradition of Bipartisan Support 488
5 Rolling Back Progress 493
6 Developing Open Government Data Resiliency 505
7 Conclusion 509
Bibliography 510
Case Law 516
Legislation 516
International Treaties 517
19 Elon Musk’s Open Innovation: Tesla, Intellectual Property, and Climate Change 518
Abstract 518
1 Introduction 518
2 Tesla’s Changing Philosophy in Patent Law 522
3 An Open Source Philosophy 528
4 Technology Leadership 531
5 Patent Pledges and Open Source Licensing 536
6 Sustainable Transportation, Clean Technology, and Climate Change 540
6.1 Sustainable Transportation 540
6.2 Supercharger Network 542
6.3 Gigafactory 543
6.4 SolarCity 543
6.5 The Big Battery in South Australia 546
7 Conclusion 546
References 548
Litigation 553
Patent Applications 553
International Agreements and Treaties 554
Plant Breeders’ Rights, Food Security, Access to Genetic Resources, and Indigenous Knowledge 555
20 Path-Breaking or History-Repeating? Analysing the Paris Agreement’s Research and Development Paradigm for Climate-Smart Agriculture 556
Abstract 556
1 Introduction 556
2 Food Insecurity, Climate Justice and Climate-Smart Agriculture 558
3 Lock-In Effects Within the Intensive Agricultural Paradigm 561
3.1 Socio-technical Regimes 561
3.2 Intensive Agriculture as a Socio-technical Regime 563
4 Contending Paradigms for Transitoning to Climate-Smart Agriculture 566
4.1 Life-Sciences Integrated Paradigm 566
4.2 Ecological-Integrated Paradigm 571
4.3 Agricultural Research and Development Trends Lock-In Mechanism Intensive Agriculture Trajectory 573
5 Agricultural Research and Development Trajectories Under the Paris Agreement 575
6 Conclusion 578
References 578
International Agreements and Treaties 585
21 Conserving Genetic Resources, Access and Benefit-Sharing, Intellectual Property and Climate Change 586
Abstract 586
1 Introduction 586
2 United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity 588
3 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture 595
4 World Health Organization International Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Framework 600
5 Access and Benefit Sharing Models 604
6 Conclusions 611
References 613
Books and Journals 613
International Materials 614
International Agreements and Treaties 615
22 Benefit Sharing Under the REDD+ Mechanism: Implications for Women 616
Abstract 616
1 Introduction 616
2 The Emergence of REDD+ : Implications for Women 617
3 What Is a REDD+ Benefit? 621
4 Elite Capture and Corruption in the Forestry Sector 624
5 Links Between Land Tenure and Benefit Sharing 627
6 Improving Women’s Rights to Benefit Sharing: Property and Participation Rights 629
6.1 Property Rights 629
6.2 Participation Rights 631
6.3 Impact of Participation Rights 633
7 The Way Forward 634
8 Conclusion 635
References 636
Books and Chapters 636
Journal Articles 637
Reports and Other Sources 638
Treaties, Declarations and COP Decisions 639
23 Northern Exposure: Alaska, Climate Change, Indigenous Rights, and Atmospheric Trust Litigation 640
Abstract 640
1 Introduction 640
2 The Theoretical Framework Behind Climate Litigation 642
2.1 Atmospheric Trust Litigation 643
2.2 Climate Litigation as Regulation 646
2.3 The Right to a Healthy Environment 647
2.4 Human Rights 648
2.5 Climate Litigation 650
3 Nelson Kanuk v. State of Alaska 653
3.1 The Superior Court of Alaska 655
3.2 Appellants 658
3.3 Amicus Curiae Briefs 659
3.4 The State of Alaska 661
3.5 Decision 663
3.6 Responses to the Decision 665
4 Petition 2017 and Esau Sinnok v. the State of Alaska 666
4.1 The Petition 667
4.2 Esau Sinnok v the State of Alaska 670
4.3 Federal Discussion of Climate Change and Alaska 672
5 The Paris Agreement and Beyond 675
6 Conclusion 679
References 680
Litigation 685
Submissions 686
Legislation 686
International Agreements and Treaties 686