Campbell Essential Biology

About our authors ERIC J. SIMON is a professor in the Department of Biology and Health Science at New England College (Henniker, New Hampshire). He teaches introductory biology to science majors and nonscience majors, as well as upper-level courses in tropical marine biology and careers in science. Dr. Simon received a B.A. in biology and computer science, an M.A. in biology from Wesleyan University, and a Ph.D. in biochemistry from Harvard University. His research focuses on innovative ways to use technology to increase active learning in the science classroom, particularly for nonscience majors. Dr. Simon is also the author of the introductory biology textbook Biology: The Core, 2nd Edition, and a coauthor of Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections, 9th Edition. JEAN L. DICKEY is Professor Emerita of Biological Sciences at Clemson University (Clemson, South Carolina). After receiving her B.S. in biology from Kent State University, she went on to earn a Ph.D. in ecology and evolution from Purdue University. In 1984, Dr. Dickey joined the faculty at Clemson, where she devoted her career to teaching biology to nonscience majors in a variety of courses. In addition to creating content-based instructional materials, she developed many activities to engage lecture and laboratory students in discussion, critical thinking, and writing, and implemented an investigative laboratory curriculum in general biology. Dr. Dickey is the author of Laboratory Investigations for Biology, 2nd Edition, and is a coauthor of Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections, 9th Edition. JANE B. REECE was Neil Campbells longtime collaborator and a founding author of Campbell Essential Biology and Campbell Essential Biology with Physiology. Her education includes an A.B. in biology from Harvard University (where she was initially a philosophy major), an M.S. in microbiology from Rutgers University, and a Ph.D. in bacteriology from the University of California, Berkeley. At UC Berkeley, and later as a postdoctoral fellow in genetics at Stanford University, her research focused on genetic recombination in bacteria. Dr. Reece taught biology at Middlesex County College (New Jersey) and Queensborough Community College (New York). Dr. Reeces publishing career began in 1978 when she joined the editorial staff of Benjamin Cummings, and since then, she played a major role in a number of successful textbooks. She was the lead author of Campbell Biology Editions 8-10 and a founding author of Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections. NEIL A. CAMPBELL (1946-2004) combined the inquiring nature of a research scientist with the soul of a caring teacher. Over his 30 years of teaching introductory biology to both science majors and nonscience majors, many thousands of students had the opportunity to learn from him and be stimulated by his enthusiasm for the study of life. He is greatly missed by his many friends in the biology community. His coauthors remain inspired by his visionary dedication to education and are committed to searching for ever better ways to engage students in the wonders of biology.

Table of Contents

Learning About Life

CHAPTER THREAD
Swimming with the Turtles
BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY A Passion for Life
The Scientific Study of Life
An Overview of the Process of Science
Hypotheses, Theories, and Facts
Controlled Experiments
THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE Do Baby Turtles Swim?
Evaluating Scientific Claims
The Properties of Life
Major Themes in Biology
The Relationship of Structure to Function
Information Flow
Pathways That Transform Energy and Matter
Interactions within Biological Systems
Evolution
EVOLUTION CONNECTION Turtles in the Tree of Life



UNIT 1 CELLS

Essential Chemistry for Biology

CHAPTER THREAD
Helpful Radiation
BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Nuclear Medicine
Some Basic Chemistry
Matter: Elements and Compounds
Atoms
THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE How Effective Is Radiation in Treating Prostate Cancer?
Chemical Bonding and Molecules
Chemical Reactions
Water and Life
Water
Acids, Bases, and pH
EVOLUTION CONNECTION Radioactivity as an Evolutionary Clock


The Molecules of Life

CHAPTER THREAD
Lactose Intolerance
BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Got Lactose?
Organic Compounds
Carbon Chemistry
Giant Molecules from Smaller Building Blocks
Large Biological Molecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE Does Lactose Intolerance Have a Genetic Basis?
EVOLUTION CONNECTION The Evolution of Lactose Intolerance in Humans


A Tour of the Cell

CHAPTER THREAD
Humans Versus Bacteria
BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Antibiotics: Drugs That Target Bacterial Cells
The Microscopic World of Cells
The Two Major Categories of Cells
An Overview of Eukaryotic Cells
Membrane Structure
The Plasma Membrane
Cell Surfaces
THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE How Was the First 21st-Century Antibiotic Discovered?
The Nucleus and Ribosomes: Genetic Control of the Cell
The Nucleus
Ribosomes
How DNA Directs Protein Production
The Endomembrane System: Manufacturing and Distributing Cellular Products
The Endoplasmic Reticulum
The Golgi Apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Chloroplasts and Mitochondria: Providing Cellular Energy
Chloroplasts
Mitochondria
The Cytoskeleton: Cell Shape and Movement
Maintaining Cell Shape
Flagella and Cilia
EVOLUTION CONNECTION The Evolution of Bacterial Resistance in Humans


The Working Cell

CHAPTER THREAD
Nanotechnology
BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Harnessing Cellular Structures
Some Basic Energy Concepts
Conservation of Energy
Heat
Chemical Energy
Food Calories
ATP and Cellular Work
The Structure of ATP
Phosphate Transfer
The ATP Cycle
Enzymes
Activation Energy
THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE Can Enzymes Be Engineered?
Enzyme Activity
Enzyme Inhibitors
Membrane Function
Passive Transport: Diffusion across Membranes
Osmosis and Water Balance
Active Transport: The Pumping of Molecules across Membranes
Exocytosis and Endocytosis: Traffic of Large Molecules
EVOLUTION CONNECTION The Origin of Membranes


Cellular Respiration: Obtaining Energy from Food

CHAPTER THREAD
Exercise Science
BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Getting the Most Out of Your Muscles
Energy Flow and Chemical Cycling in the Biosphere
Producers and Consumers
Chemical Cycling between Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration: Aerobic Harvest of Food Energy
An Overview of Cellular Respiration
The Three Stages of Cellular Respiration
The Results of Cellular Respiration
Fermentation: Anaerobic Harvest of Food Energy
Fermentation in Human Muscle Cells
THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE What Causes Muscle Burn?
Fermentation in Microorganisms
EVOLUTION CONNECTION The Importance of Oxygen


Photosynthesis: Using Light to Make Food

CHAPTER THREAD
Solar Energy
BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY A Solar Revolution
The Basics of Photosynthesis
Chloroplasts: Sites of Photosynthesis
An Overview of Photosynthesis
The Light Reactions: Converting Solar Energy to Chemical Energy
The Nature of Sunlight
THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE What Colors of Light Drive Photosynthesis?
Chloroplast Pigments
How Photosystems Harvest Light Energy
How the Light Reactions Generate ATP and NADPH
The Calvin Cycle: Making Sugar from Carbon Dioxide
EVOLUTION CONNECTION Creating a Better Biofuel Factory



UNIT 2 GENETICS

Cellular Reproduction: Cells from Cells

CHAPTER THREAD
Life with and without Sex
BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Virgin Birth of a Shark
What Cell Reproduction Accomplishes
The Cell Cycle and Mitosis
Eukaryotic Chromosomes
Duplicating Chromosomes
The Cell Cycle
Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Cancer Cells: Dividing Out of Control
Meiosis, the Basis of Sexual Reproduction
Homologous Chromosomes
Gametes and the Life Cycle of a Sexual Organism
The Process of Meiosis
Review: Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis
The Origins of Genetic Variation
THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE Do All Animals Have Sex?
When Meiosis Goes Wrong
EVOLUTION CONNECTION The Advantages of Sex


Patterns of Inheritance

CHAPTER THREAD
Dog Breeding
BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Darwin’s Dogs
Genetics and Heredity
In an Abbey Garden
Mendel’s Law of Segregation
Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment
Using a Testcross to Determine an Unknown Genotype
The Rules of Probability
Family Pedigrees
Human Traits Controlled by a Single Gene
THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE What Is the Genetic Basis of Short Legs in Dogs?
Variations on Mendel’s Laws
Incomplete Dominance in Plants and People
ABO Blood Groups: An Example of Multiple Alleles and Codominance
Pleiotropy and Sickle-Cell Disease
Polygenic Inheritance
Epigenetics and the Role of Environment
The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
Linked Genes
Sex Determination in Humans
Sex-Linked Genes
EVOLUTION CONNECTION Barking Up the Evolutionary Tree


The Structure and Function of DNA

CHAPTER THREAD
Deadly Viruses
BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY The Global Threat of Zika Virus
DNA: Structure and Replication
DNA and RNA Structure
Watson and Crick’s Discovery of the Double Helix
DNA Replication
From DNA to RNA to Protein
How an Organism’s Genotype Determines Its Phenotype
From Nucleotides to Amino Acids: An Overview
The Genetic Code
Transcription: From DNA to RNA
The Processing of Eukaryotic RNA
Translation: The Players
Translation: The Process
Review: DNA S RNA S Protein
Mutations
Viruses and Other Noncellular Infectious Agents
Bacteriophages
Plant Viruses
Animal Viruses
THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE Can DNA and RNA Vaccines Protect Against Viruses?
HIV, the AIDS Virus
Prions
EVOLUTION CONNECTION Emerging Viruses


How Genes Are Controlled

CHAPTER THREAD
Cancer
BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Breast Cancer and Chemotherapy
How and Why Genes Are Regulated
Gene Regulation in Bacteria
Gene Regulation in Eukaryotic Cells
Cell Signaling
Homeotic Genes
Visualizing Gene Expression
Cloning Plants and Animals
The Genetic Potential of Cells
Reproductive Cloning of Animals
Therapeutic Cloning and Stem Cells
The Genetic Basis of Cancer
Genes That Cause Cancer
THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE Can Avatars Improve Cancer Treatment?
Cancer Risk and Prevention
EVOLUTION CONNECTION The Evolution of Cancer in the Body


DNA Technology

CHAPTER THREAD
DNA Profiling
BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Using DNA to Establish Guilt and Innocence
Genetic Engineering
Recombinant DNA Techniques
Gene Editing
Medical Applications
Genetically Modified Organisms in Agriculture
Human Gene Therapy
DNA Profiling and Forensic Science
DNA Profiling Techniques
Investigating Murder, Paternity, and Ancient DNA
Bioinformatics
DNA Sequencing
Genomics
Genome-Mapping Techniques
The Human Genome
THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE Did Nic Have a Deadly Gene?
Applied Genomics
Systems Biology
Safety and Ethical Issues
The Controversy over Genetically Modified Foods
Ethical Questions Raised by Human DNA Technologies
EVOLUTION CONNECTION The Y Chromosome as a Window on History



UNIT 3 EVOLUTION AND DIVERSITY

How Populations Evolve

CHAPTER THREAD
Evolution in Action
BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Mosquitoes and Evolution
The Diversity of Life
Naming and Classifying the Diversity of Life
Explaining the Diversity of Life
Charles Darwin and The Origin of Species
Darwin’s Journey
Darwin’s Theory
Evidence of Evolution
Evidence from Fossils
Evidence from Homologies
Evolutionary Trees
Natural Selection as the Mechanism for Evolution
Natural Selection in Action
Key Points about Natural Selection
The Evolution of Populations
Sources of Genetic Variation
Populations as the Units of Evolution
Analyzing Gene Pools
Population Genetics and Health Science
Microevolution as Change in a Gene Pool
Mechanisms of Evolution
Natural Selection
Genetic Drift
Gene Flow
Natural Selection: A Closer Look
THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE Did Natural Selection Shape the Beaks of Darwin’s Finches?
EVOLUTION CONNECTION The Rising Threat of Antibiotic Resistance


How Biological Diversity Evolves

CHAPTER THREAD
Evolution in the Human-Dominated World
BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Humanity’s Footprint
The Origin of Species
What Is a Species?
Reproductive Barriers between Species
Mechanisms of Speciation
THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE Do Human Activities Facilitate Speciation?
Earth History and Macroevolution
The Fossil Record
Plate Tectonics and Biogeography
Mass Extinctions and Explosive Diversifications of Life
Mechanisms of Macroevolution
Large Effects from Small Genetic Changes
The Evolution of Biological Novelty
Classifying the Diversity of Life
Classification and Phylogeny
Classification: A Work in Progress
EVOLUTION CONNECTION Evolution in the Anthropocene


The Evolution of Microbial Life

CHAPTER THREAD
Human Microbiota
BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Our Invisible Inhabitants
Major Episodes in the History of Life
The Origin of Life
A Four-Stage Hypothesis for the Origin of Life
From Chemical Evolution to Darwinian Evolution
Prokaryotes
They’re Everywhere!
The Structure and Function of Prokaryotes
The Ecological Impact of Prokaryotes
The Two Main Branches of Prokaryotic Evolution: Bacteria and Archaea
THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE Are Intestinal Microbiota to Blame for Obesity?
Protists
Protozoans
Slime Molds
Unicellular and Colonial Algae
Seaweeds
EVOLUTION CONNECTION The Sweet Life of Streptococcus mutans


The Evolution of Plants and Fungi

CHAPTER THREAD
Plant-Fungus Interactions
BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY The Diamond of the Kitchen
Colonizing Land
Terrestrial Adaptations of Plants
The Origin of Plants from Green Algae
Plant Diversity
Highlights of Plant Evolution
Bryophytes
Ferns
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
Plant Diversity as a Nonrenewable Resource
Fungi
Characteristics of Fungi
THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE What Killed the Pines?
The Ecological Impact of Fungi
Commercial Uses of Fungi
EVOLUTION CONNECTION A Pioneering Partnership


The Evolution of Animals

CHAPTER THREAD
Human Evolution
BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Evolving Adaptability
The Origins of Animal Diversity
What Is an Animal?
Early Animals and the Cambrian Explosion
Animal Phylogeny
Major Invertebrate Phyla
Sponges
Cnidarians
Molluscs
Flatworms
Annelids
Roundworms
Arthropods
Echinoderms
Vertebrate Evolution and Diversity
Characteristics of Chordates
Fishes
Amphibians
Reptiles
Mammals
The Human Ancestry
The Evolution of Primates
The Emergence of Humankind
THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE What Can Lice Tell Us About Ancient Humans?
EVOLUTION CONNECTION Are We Still Evolving?



UNIT 4 ECOLOGY

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

CHAPTER THREAD
Climate Change
BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Penguins, Polar Bears, and People in Peril
An Overview of Ecology