Selected Topics in Photonics (eBook)

Prof. Asima Pradhan completed her M.Sc at Delhi University and her Ph.D. at City College, City University, New York with Prof. R. R. Alfano. She was involved in the pioneering autofluorescence spectroscopic studies of normal and cancerous tissues for diagnosis of cancer during her Ph.D.  She joined the Department of Physics, IIT Kanpur in December 1993. She is also associated with the Center for Lasers and Photonics at IIT Kanpur and is the current Head. Prof Pradhan and her research group have extensive experience in experimental biomedical optics especially with fluorescence spectroscopy, and, of late, with the ongoing building of a frequency domain fluorescence-tomographic system for cervical cancer detection. They are also currently involved in the testing of  fluorescence probe for in-vivo detection of cervical and oral pre-cancers.Dr. K Pradeep Kumar is currently Assistant Professor in the department of Electrical Engineering and Centre for Lasers & Photonics, IIT Kanpur since 2009. He obtained his Ph.D. from the department of Electrical Engineering at IIT Madras working in the field of quantum key distribution. His current research interests are quantum cryptography, fiber-optic communications, quantum and nonlinear optics, and optical instrumentation. He has published more than 50 papers in peer-reviewed Journals and Conferences.

Series Editor’s Preface 6
Preface 7
Project Team 8
Acknowledgements 9
Contents 10
About the Editors 11
1 Detail Modes of Binding Assessed by Bulk and Single Molecular Level Fluorescence, MD Simulation, and Its Temperature Dependence: Coumarin 152 with Human Serum Albumin Revisited 12
Abstract 12
1 Introduction 12
2 Experimental and Methods 13
3 Results and Discussions 14
3.1 Binding Study of C152 with HSA at Different Temperatures 14
3.2 Binding Site of C152 in HSA at Different Temperatures 17
3.3 Circular Dichroism Spectra of HSA at Different Temperatures 19
3.4 FCS Measurements 20
4 Conclusion 22
Acknowledgements 22
References 22
2 Femtosecond Laser-Induced Photothermal Effect for Nanoscale Viscometer and Thermometer 24
Abstract 24
1 Introduction 24
2 Experimental Setup 25
2.1 Thermal Lens Setup 25
2.2 Optical Tweezers Setup 26
3 Results and Discussions 26
3.1 Bulk Liquid Thermal Lens Studies 26
3.2 Viscosity Measurements from Optical Tweezers Setup 26
4 Conclusions 28
Acknowledgements 28
References 28
3 Fluorescence Optical Tomography for Cancer Detection 29
Abstract 29
1 Introduction 29
2 An Overview of Fluorescence Optical Tomography 30
2.1 Data Acquisition Schemes 31
2.2 Forward Model 32
2.3 Reconstruction Problem 34
3 Typical Problem Setting and Solution 35
4 Data Acquisition Systems 36
5 Conclusion 38
Acknowledgements 38
References 38
4 Mid-Infrared InAs/GaSb Type-II Superlattice Photodetector Arrays 41
Abstract 41
1 Introduction 41
2 Detector Materials 41
3 T2SL 42
4 T2SL Photodiode Fabrication Difficulties 43
5 T2SL Photodiode Arrays at IIT Kanpur Optoelectronics Laboratory 43
6 Fabrication Process 43
7 Laser-Induced Selective Inter-pixel Band Gap Blueshift 46
8 Photodiode Array and Photo-Response 47
9 Summary 48
Acknowledgements 49
References 49
5 Nonlinearity Mitigation in Coherent Optical Communication Systems: All-Optical and Digital Signal Processing Approaches 51
Abstract 51
1 Introduction 51
2 Mid-Span Spectral Inversion 53
2.1 Optical Phase Conjugation in SOAs 53
2.2 Nonlinearity Mitigation of 40 Gbps QPSK Systems Using MSSI 54
3 Nonlinearity Mitigation Using DSP 55
3.1 Kalman Filter 55
3.1.1 System Model for 100 Gbps QPSK System 56
3.1.2 Simulation Results and Discussions 57
3.2 CO-OFDM System Model 58
3.2.1 Radial Basis Function Neural Network Equalizer (RBF-NLE) 58
3.2.2 Simulation Results and Discussions 60
4 Conclusions 60
Acknowledgements 61
References 61
6 Novel Functionalities with Photonic Nanostructures 62
Abstract 62
1 Introduction 62
2 Photonic Crystal Laser 63
3 Inexpensive Nano-Patterned Surfaces for Minimizing Reflection 65
4 Negative Refraction 65
5 Summary 67
Acknowledgements 68
References 68
7 Polarization Coherence and Entanglement 69
Abstract 69
1 Introduction 69
2 Upper Limits on Two-Qubit Polarization Entanglement 70
2.1 The Degree of Polarization 70
2.2 Derivation of the Universal Upper Bound 70
2.3 Derivation of the Restrictive Upper Bound for “2D States” 71
2.4 Interpretation of the Bounds 72
3 Illustration of the Bounds in an Experimental Setup 72
4 Conclusions and Discussions 74
References 75
8 Visualization of Motion Inside Droplets 76
Abstract 76
1 Introduction 76
2 Physical Mechanism 78
3 Experimental Procedure 79
4 Case Studies 79
4.1 Single Evaporating Droplet 79
4.2 Two Adjacent Droplets 79
4.3 Ethylene Glycol Droplet in the Presence of Water Droplet 81
4.4 Deposition Pattern of Drying Droplet 81
4.5 Protein Crystallization Inside Droplet 82
5 Summary and Outlook 84
Acknowledgements 84
References 84