Laboratory Manual for Introductory Chemistry

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

LOCKER INVENTORY

WASTE DISPOSAL

 

EXPERIMENTS

1 Introduction to Chemistry

Topic: The Scientific Method

A. Instructor Demonstrations

B. Student Experiments

2 Instrumental Measurements

Topic: The Metric System

A. Length Measurement

B. Mass Measurement

C. Mass and Volume of an unknown solid

D. Volume Measurements

E. Temperature Measurements

3 Density of Liquids and Solids

Topic: Density

A. Instructor Demonstration-Density

B. Density of Water

C. Density of an Unknown Liquid

D. Density of a Rubber Stopper

E. Density of an Unknown Solid

F. Thickness of Aluminum Foil

4 Freezing Point and Melting Points

Topic: Change of Physical State

A. Cooling Curve and Freezing Point

B. Melting Point of an Unknown

5 Physical Properties and Chemical Properties

Topic: Physical and Chemical Properties

A. Instructor Demonstrations

B. Observation of Elements

C. Physical Properties

D. Chemical Properties

6 “Atomic Fingerprints”

Topic: Emission Spectra and Electron Energy Levels

A. Continuous Spectrum — White Light

B. Line Spectrum — Hydrogen

C. Line Spectra — Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, and Mercury

D. Identifying Unknown Elements in a Fluorescent Light

7 Families of Elements

Topic: The Periodic Table

A. Analysis of Known Solutions

B. Analysis of an Unknown Solution

8 Identifying Cations in Solution

Topic: Qualitative Cation Analysis

A. Analysis of a Known Cation Solution

B. Analysis of an Unknown Cation Solution

9 Identifying Anions in Solution

Topic: Qualitative Anion Analysis

A. Analysis of a Known Anion Solution

B. Analysis of an Unknown Anion Solution

10 Analysis of a Penny

Topic: Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations

A. Instructor Demonstrations-Combination Reactions

B. Decomposition Reactions

C. Single-Replacement Reactions

D. Double-Replacement Reactions

E. Neutralization Reactions

F. Percentages of Copper and Zinc in a Penny

11 Determination of Avogadro’s Number

Topic: Avogadro’s Number and the Mole Concept

A. Calibrating a Dropper Pipet

B. Calculating Molecules in the Monolayer

C. Determining Avogadro’s Number

12 Empirical Formulas of Compounds

Topic: Empirical Formula

A. Empirical Formula of Magnesium Oxide

B. Empirical Formula of Copper Sulfide

13 Analysis of Alum

Topic: Percent Composition and Empirical Formula

A. Percentage of Water in Alum Hydrate

B. Percentage of Water in an Unknown Hydrate

C. Water of Crystallization in an Unknown Hydrate

14 Decomposing Baking Soda

Topic: Mass—Mass Stoichiometry and Percent Yield

A. Percent Yield of Na2CO3 from Baking Soda

B. Percentage of NaHCO3 in an Unknown Mixture

15 Precipitating Calcium Phosphate

Topic: Mass—Mass Stoichiometry and Percent Yield

A. Percent Yield of Ca3(PO4)2 from CaCl2

B. Percentage of CaCl2 in an Unknown Mixture

16 Generating Hydrogen Gas

Topic: Mass—Volume Stoichiometry and Combined Gas Law

A. Molar Volume of Hydrogen Gas

B. Atomic Mass of an Unknown Metal

17 Generating Oxygen Gas

Topic: Mass—Volume Stoichiometry and Combined Gas Law

A. Percentage of KClO3 in a Known Mixture

B. Percentage of KClO3 in an Unknown Mixture

18 Molecular Models and Chemical Bonds

Topic: Structural and Electron Dot Formulas

A. Molecular Models with Single Bonds

B. Molecular Models with Double Bonds

C. Molecular Models with Triple Bonds

D. Molecular Models with Two Double Bonds

E. Unknown Molecular Models

19 Analysis of Saltwater

Topic: Solubility and Solution Concentration

A. Instructor Demonstration — Supersaturation

B. Solutes and Solvents

C. Rate of Dissolving

D. Concentration of Sodium Chloride in Saltwater

20 Analysis of Vinegar

Topic: Acid—Base Titrations

A. Preparation of Standard Sodium Hydroxide Solution

B. Concentration of Acetic Acid in Vinegar

21 Electrical Conductivity of Aqueous Solutions

Topic: Net Ionic Equations

A. Conductivity Testing–Evidence for Ions in Aqueous Solution

B. Conductivity Testing–Evidence for a Chemical Reaction

C. Net Ionic Equations–A Study Assignment

22 Activity Series of Metals

Topic:  Oxidation Numbers and Redox Reactions  

A. Oxidation Numbers of Iron

B. Oxidation Numbers of Manganese

C. Oxidation Numbers of Sulfur

D. Oxidation Numbers of Nitrogen

E. Oxidation—Reduction Equations—A Study Assignment

F. Activity Series and an Unknown Metal

23 Organic Models and Classes of Compounds

Topic:   Structural Formulas of Molecular Models

A. Molecular Models of Hydrocarbons

B. Molecular Models of Hydrocarbon Derivatives

C. Unknown Molecular Models

24 Separation of Food Colors and Amino Acids

Topic:   Paper Chromatography

A. Separation of Food Colors by Paper Chromatography

B. Identification of Amino Acids by Paper Chromatography

25 Laboratory Instruments and Technique

Topic: Lab Final Exam

A. Lab Practical Exam

B. Lab Written Exam

APPENDICES

A Laboratory Burner

B Decigram Balance

C Centigram Balance

D Milligram Balance

E Volumetric Pipet

F Activity Series for Metals

G Solubility Rules

H Laboratory Notebook

I Glossary

J Answers to Prelaboratory Assignments