Intelligent Nanomaterials

Ashutosh Tiwari is Secretary General, International Association of Advanced Materials; Chairman and Managing Director of Tekidag AB (Innotech); Associate Professor and Group Leader, Smart Materials and Biodevices at the world premier Biosensors and Bioelectronics Centre, IFM-Linköping University; Editor-in-Chief, Advanced Materials Letters; a materials chemist and docent in the Applied Physics with the specialization of Biosensors and Bioelectronics from Linköping University, Sweden. Yogendra Kumar Mishra is the Group Leader at Functional Nanomaterials, Institute for Materials Science, University of Kiel, Germany. Hisatoshi Kobayashi is a group leader of WPI Research center MANA, National Institute for Material Science, Tsukuba Japan. Anthony (Tony) Turner's name is synonymous with the field of Biosensors. In November 2010, he joined Linköping University to create a new Centre for Biosensors and Bioelectronics.

Preface xvii

Part 1 Nanomaterials, Fabrication and Biomedical Applications

1 Electrospinning Materials for Skin Tissue Engineering 3
Beste Kinikoglu

1.1 Skin Tissue Engineering Scaffolds 4

1.2 Conclusions 14

References 15

2 Electrospinning: A Versatile Technique to Synthesize Drug Delivery Systems 21
Xueping Zhang, Dong Liu and Tianyan You

2.1 Introduction 21

2.2 The Types of Delivered Drugs 22

2.3 Polymers Used in Electrospinning 29

2.4 The Development of Electrospinning Process for Drug Delivery 36

2.5 Conclusions 41

Acknowledgment 42

References 42

3 Electrospray Jet Emission: An Alternative Interpretation Invoking Dielectrophoretic Forces 51
Francesco Aliotta, Oleg Gerasymov and Pietro Calandra

3.1 Introduction 52

3.2 Electrospray: How It Works? 54

3.3 Historical Background 63

3.4 How the Current (and Wrong) Description of the Electrospray Process Has Been Generated? 65

3.5 What Is Wrong in the Current Description? 68

3.6 Some Results Shedding More Light 70

3.7 Discriminating between Electrophoretic and Dielectrophoretic Forces 72

3.8 Some Theoretical Aspects of Dielectrophoresis 76

3.9 Conclusions 83

References 86

4 Advanced Silver and Oxide Hybrids of Catalysts During Formaldehyde Production 91
Anita Kovač Kralj

4.1 Introduction 92

4.2 The Catalysis 93

4.3 Case Study 95

4.4 Limited Hybrid Catalyst Method for Formaldehyde Production 97

4.5 Conclusion 104

4.6 Nomenclatures 105

References 105

5 Physico-chemical Characterization and Basic Research Principles of Advanced Drug Delivery Nanosystems 107
Natassa Pippa, Stergios Pispas and Costas Demetzos

5.1 Introduction 108

5.2 Basic Research Principles and Techniques for the Physicochemical Characterization of Advanced Drug Delivery Nanosystems 108

5.3 Conclusions 122

References 122

6 Nanoporous Alumina as an Intelligent Nanomaterial for Biomedical Applications 127
Moom Sinn Aw and Dusan Losic

6.1 Introduction 127

6.2 Nanoporous Anodized Alumina as a Drug Nano-carrier 129

6.3 Biocompatibility of NAA and NNAA Materials 138

6.4 NAA for Diabetic and Pancreatic Applications 143

6.5 NAA Applications in Orthopedics 144

6.6 NAA Applications for Heart, Coronary, and Vasculature Treatment 148

6.7 NAA in Dentistry 150

6.8 Conclusions and Future Prospects 152

Acknowledgment 153

References 154

7 Nanomaterials: Structural Peculiarities, Biological Effects, and Some Aspects of Applications 161
N.F. Starodub, M.V. Taran, A.M. Katsev, C. Bisio and M. Guidotti

7.1 Introduction 162

7.2 Physicochemical Properties Determining the Bioavailability and Toxicity of NPS 164

7.3 Current Nanoecotoxicological Knowledge 168

7.4 Modern Direction of the Application of Nanocomposites as Basis for Detoxication Process 187

7.5 Conclusions 189

Acknowledgments 190

References 190

8 Biomedical Applications of Intelligent Nanomaterials 199
M. D. Fahmy, H. E. Jazayeri, M. Razavi, M. Hashemi, M. Omidi, M. Farahani, E. Salahinejad, A. Yadegari, S. Pitcher and Lobat Tayebi

8.1 Introduction 200

8.2 Polymeric Nanoparticles 202

8.3 Lipid-based Nanoparticles 206

8.4 Carbon Nanostructures 213

8.5 Nanostructured Metals 219

8.6 Hybrid Nanostructures 223

8.7 Concluding Remarks 228

References 229

Part 2 Nanomaterials for Energy, Electronics, and Biosensing

9 Phase Change Materials as Smart Nanomaterials for Thermal Energy Storage in Buildings 249
M. Kheradmand, M. Abdollahzadeh, M. Azenha and J.L.B. de Aguiar

9.1 Introduction 250

9.2 Phase Change Materials: Definition, Principle of Operation, and Classifications 252

9.3 PCM-enhanced Cement-based Materials 254

9.4 Hybrid PCM for Thermal Storage 255

9.5 Numerical Simulations 267

9.6 Thermal Modeling of Phase Change 269

9.7 Nanoparticle-enhanced Phase Change Material 280

9.8 Conclusions (General Remarks) 288

References 289

10 Nanofluids with Enhanced Heat Transfer Properties for Thermal Energy Storage 295
Manila Chieruzzi, Adio Miliozzi, Luigi Torre and José Maria Kenny

10.1 Introduction 296

10.2 Thermal Energy Storage 298

10.3 Nanofluids for Thermal Energy Storage 313

10.4 Nanofluids Based on Molten Salts: Enhancement of Thermal Properties 330

10.5 Conclusions 349

References 351

11 Resistive Switching of Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanotubes for Advanced Nanoelectronics Devices 361
O.A. Ageev, Yu. F. Blinov, M.V. Il’ina, B.G. Konoplev and V.A. Smirnov

11.1 Introduction 362

11.2 Theoretical Description of Resistive Switching Mechanism of Structures Based on VACNT 363

11.3 Techniques for Measuring the Electrical Resistivity and Young’s Modulus of VACNT Based on Scanning Probe Microscopy 377

11.4 Experimental Studies of Resistive Switching in Structures Based on VACNT Using Scanning Tunnel Microscopy 384

References 391

12 Multi-objective Design of Nanoscale Double Gate MOSFET Devices Using Surrogate Modeling and Global Optimization 395
T. Bentrcia, F. Djeffal and E. Chebaki

12.1 Introduction 396

12.2 Downscaling Parasitic Effects 400

12.3 Modeling Framework 405

12.4 Simulation and Results 412

12.5 Concluding Remarks 422

References 422

13 Graphene-based Electrochemical Biosensors: New Trends and Applications 427
Georgia-Paraskevi Nikoleli, Stephanos Karapetis, Spyridoula Bratakou, Dimitrios P. Nikolelis, Nikolaos Tzamtzis and Vasillios N. Psychoyios

13.1 Introduction 428

13.2 Scope of This Review 429

13.3 Graphene and Sensors 430

13.4 Graphene Nanomaterials Used in Electrochemical (Bio)sensors Fabrication 430

13.5 Graphene-based Enzymatic Electrodes 432

13.6 Graphene-based Electrochemical DNA Sensors 437

13.7 Graphene-based Electrochemical Immunosensors 439

13.8 Commercial Activities in the Field of Graphene Sensors 442

13.9 Recent Developments in the Field of Graphene Sensors 442

13.10 Conclusions and Future Prospects 443

Acknowledgments 445

References 445

Part 3 Smart Nanocomposites, Fabrication, and Applications

14 Carbon Fibers-based Silica Aerogel Nanocomposites 451
Agnieszka Ślosarczyk

14.1 Introduction to Nanotechnology 451

14.2 Chemistry of Sol–gel Process 454

14.3 Types of Silica Aerogel Nanocomposites 462

14.4 Carbon Fiber-based Silica Aerogel Nanocomposites 476

14.5 Conclusions 493

References 494

15 Hydrogel–carbon Nanotubes Composites for Protection of Egg Yolk Antibodies 501
Bellingeri Romina, Alustiza Fabrisio, Picco Natalia, Motta Carlos, Grosso Maria C, Barbero Cesar, Acevedo Diego and Vivas Adriana

15.1 Introduction 502

15.2 Polymeric Hydrogels 504

15.3 Carbon Nanotubes 507

15.4 Polymer–CNT Composites 511

15.5 Egg Yolk Antibodies Protection 515

15.6 In Vitro Evaluation of Nanocomposite Performance 517

15.7 In Vivo Evaluation of Nanocomposite Performance 518

15.8 Concluding Remarks and Future Trends 521

References 522

16 Green Fabrication of Metal Nanoparticles 533
Anamika Mubayi, Sanjukta Chatterji and Geeta Watal

16.1 Introduction 533

16.2 Development of Herbal Medicines 535

16.3 Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles 536

16.4 Characterization of Phytofabricated Nanoparticles 539

16.5 Impact of Plant-mediated Nanoparticles on Therapeutic Efficacy of Medicinal Plants 540

16.6 Conclusions 550

References 551