Therapeutic and Diagnostic Nanomaterials (eBook)

Dr. T. Devasena is a Nanobiotechnologist currently working  as an Associate Professor at the Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, Anna University, Tamil Nadu, India.  She has 12 years of teaching experience and 18 years of research experience.  She has done intensive research in the area of  health and environmental motif of nanotechnology.  Her merits in academics and research have earned her many credentials such as reputed international publications and professional recognitions in the form of awards, fellow titles and member titles.

Contents 6
Introduction 8
1 Diagnostic and Therapeutic Nanomaterials 9
1.1 Why Are Nanoparticles Ideal Diagnostic and Therapeutic Agents? 9
1.2 Nanotheranostic Candidates 10
1.3 Safety Concerns with Medically Important Nanoparticles 19
References 20
2 Multifunctional Nanoparticles 22
2.1 Stabilizing Ligands 22
2.1.1 Biomolecules 24
2.1.2 Avidin-Biotin Conjugate 25
2.2 Targeting Ligands 25
2.2.1 Antibodies 27
2.2.2 Antibody Fragments/Antibody Derivatives 27
2.2.3 Peptides 28
2.2.4 Aptamers 29
2.2.5 Small Targeting Molecules 29
2.3 Imaging Ligands 31
2.4 Biocompatibility Ligands 32
2.5 Anti-immunogenic Ligands 33
References 33
3 Biomarkers 35
3.1 Biochemical Markers 36
3.1.1 Cardiac Markers 37
3.1.2 Cytokines 37
3.1.3 Cancer Markers 37
3.1.4 Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs) 38
3.1.5 Enzymes 38
3.1.6 Hematological Biomarkers 38
3.1.7 Oxidative Stress Markers 39
3.2 Genetic Markers 40
3.2.1 Single Locus Markers 40
3.2.2 Multiple Loci Markers 40
3.2.3 Examples of Genetic Markers 42
3.3 Histopathological Markers 44
References 45
4 Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques 47
4.1 Diagnostic Techniques Using Nanoparticles 47
4.2 Therapeutic Techniques Using Nanoparticles 54
References 56
5 Nanotoxicity and Risk Assessment 58
5.1 CNT Toxicity 62
5.2 Silica and Titania Nanoparticles 62
5.3 Fullerene 62
5.4 Quantum Dots 63
5.5 Manganese Nanoparticles 63
References 64
6 Applications of Select Nanomaterials 65
6.1 Dendrimers 65
6.1.1 Dendrimers in Therapeutic Applications 66
6.1.2 Nanoscale Containers 68
6.1.3 Dendrimers in Gene Transfection 73
6.1.4 Dendrimers in Diagnostic Applications 75
6.2 Antibodies 76
6.2.1 Blood–Brain Barrier 76
6.2.2 Nanoimmunosensors 77
6.2.3 Types of Immunosensors 78
6.2.4 Preparation of HDL-like Nanoparticles 84
6.2.5 Plaques in an ApoE-/- Model 84
6.2.6 Gold Nanoparticles 85
6.2.6.1 Applications of Gold Nanoparticles with Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy 87
6.3 Lipid-Based Nanocarriers 87
6.3.1 Liposomes 87
6.3.1.1 Stealth Liposomes: The Second-Generation Liposomes 88
6.3.1.2 Applications of Nanoliposomes 89
Liposomal Anticancer Agents 89
Liposomal Anti-infective Drugs 91
Vaccine Delivery 92
Diagnostic Applications of Liposomes 93
6.3.1.3 Solid-Lipid Nanoparticles 93
Applications of SLNs 94
6.3.1.4 Cubosomes 95
Cubosomes for Ocular Inflammation 96
6.4 Viral Nanoparticles 97
6.4.1 Pharmacokinetics 97
6.4.2 Disadvantages: Nonspecific Interaction and Immunogenicity 98
6.4.3 Applications 98
6.4.3.1 VNPs as Imaging Probes and Drug Carriers for Vascular Endothelial Cells 98
6.4.3.2 CPMVs as Carriers for Delivering Cargo into the Central Nervous System 99
6.5 Nanomaterial-Based Biomedical Devices 100
6.5.1 Micropumps 100
6.5.1.1 Components of Micropumps 100
6.5.1.2 Applications and Advantages of a Silicon-Based HPMP 101
6.5.2 Microneedles 102
6.5.2.1 Applications of Microneedles 103
6.5.3 Implantable Microchip Devices for Drug Delivery 104
6.5.4 Nanorobots 105
6.5.4.1 Tools or Components of Nanorobots 105
6.5.4.2 Nanorobot Locomotion 106
6.5.4.3 Power for the Navigation of Nanorobots 106
6.5.4.4 Tracking of Nanorobots 106
6.5.4.5 Applications of Nanorobots 107
6.5.4.6 Respirocyte—A Classic Example of a Nanorobot 107
6.5.5 Nanopancreas 108
6.5.5.1 Titanium Oxide Nanoparticles 108
6.5.5.2 Magnesium Nanoparticles 109
6.5.5.3 Silver Nanoparticles 110
6.5.5.4 Chitosan 110
References 110