Chemistry of Protein Conjugation and Cross-Linking

INTRODUCTION
REACTIVE GROUPS OF PROTEINS AND THEIR MODIFYING AGENTS
Compositions of Proteins
Functional Groups of Proteins
Group Directed Reagents
CHOICE AND DESIGN OF CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS
Nucleophilic Reactions
Electrophilic Reactions
Group Directed Reactions
Nonspecific Reactions
Cleavable Reagents
Labeled Cross-Linking Reagents
Hydrophobicity and Hydrophilicity of Reagents
HOMOBIFUNCTIONAL CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS
Amino Group Directed Cross-Linkers
Sulfhydryl Group Directed Cross-Linkers
Carboxyl Group Directed Cross-Linking Reagents
Phenolate and Imidazolyl Group Directed Cross-Linking Reagents
Arginine Residue Directed Cross-Linker
Nondiscriminatory Photoactivatable Cross-Linkers
Noncovalent Homobifunctional Cross-Linking Reagents
Miscellaneous Bifunctional Reagents
HETEROBIFUNCTIONAL CROSS-LINKERS
Group Selective Heterobifunctional Cross-Linking Reagents
Photosensitive Heterobifunctional Cross-Linking Reagents
Disguised or Masked Reagents
ZERO-LENGTH CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS
Carboxyl Group Activating Reagents
Reagents for Carbohydrate Activation
Reagents for Disulfide Formation
Enzymes as Zero-Length Cross-Linkers
PROCEDURES, ANALYSIS, AND COMPLICATIONS
Procedures for Cross-Linking
Analysis of Cross-Linked Products
Reaction Complications
APPLICATION OF CHEMICAL CROSS-LINKING TO SOLUBLE PROTEINS
Interresidue Distance Determinations
Nearest Neighbor Analysis
Conformational Analysis
Structural Stability
CROSS-LINKING OF MEMBRANE PROTEINS
General Methodology of Membrane Cross-Linking
Possible Artifacts of Membrane Cross-Linking
Identification of Membrane Receptors
Nearest-Neighbor Analysis of Membrane Components
Membrane Protein Conformational Analysis
Stabilization of Membrane Proteins
PREPARATION OF ENZYME IMMUNOCONJUGATES AND OTHER IMMUNOASSAY COMPONENTS
Components of Enzyme Immunoassays
Conjugation of Enzymes to Antibodies and their Fragments
Coupling Proteins to Antibodies and their Fragments
Coupling Enzymes to Proteins and Antigens
Characterization of Conjugation Methods
PREPARATION OF IMMUNOTOXINS AND OTHER DRUG CONJUGATES FOR TARGETING THERAPEUTICS
Selection of Cross-Linking Reagents and Toxins
Conjugation through Disulfide Bond
Conjugation through Thioether Linkage
Conjugation with Actuvated Chlorambucil
Conjugation with Acid-Labile and Photocleaveable Cross-Linkers
Conjugation through Carbohydrate Residues
Preparation of Immunotoxins Using Avidin-Biotin Linkage
Miscellaneous Coupling Methods
CONJUGATION OF PROTEINS TO SOLID MATRICES
Functionalities of Matrices
Protein Immobilization by Matrix Activation
Cross-Linking Reagents Used in Protein Immobilization
Cross-Linking through Carbohydrate Chains
OTHER APPLICATIONS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS
Application to Nucleic Acids
Cross-Linking Small Molecules to Proteins
Synopsis
INDEX
Note: Each chapter also contains an Introduction and References