Thermodynamics In Nuclear Power Plant Systems (eBook)
XXIII, 724 Seiten
Springer International Publishing (Verlag)
978-3-319-13419-2 (ISBN)
systems. It includes all the necessary information regarding the fundamental laws to gain a complete understanding and apply them specifically to the challenges of operating nuclear plants. Beginning with definitions of thermodynamic variables such as temperature, pressure and specific volume, the book then explains the laws in detail, focusing on pivotal concepts such as enthalpy and entropy, irreversibility, availability, and Maxwell relations. Specific applications of the fundamentals to Brayton and Rankine cycles for power generation are considered in-depth, in support of the book's core goal- providing an examination of how the thermodynamic principles are applied to the design, operation and safety analysis of current and projected reactor systems. Detailed appendices cover metric and English system units and conversions, detailed steam and gas tables, heat transfer properties, and nuclear reactor system descriptions.
Dr. Bahman Zohuri is founder of Galaxy Advanced Engineering, Inc. a consulting company that he formed upon leaving the semiconductor and defense industries after many years as a Senior Process Engineer for corporations including Westinghouse and Intel, and then as Senior Chief Scientist at Lockheed Missile and Aerospace Corporation . During his time with Westinghouse Electric Corporation, he performed thermal hydraulic analysis and natural circulation for Inherent Shutdown Heat Removal System (ISHRS) in the core of a Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactor (LMFBR). While at Lockheed, he was responsible for the study of vulnerability, survivability and component radiation and laser hardening for Defense Support Program (DSP), Boost Surveillance and Tracking Satellites (BSTS) and Space Surveillance and Tracking Satellites (SSTS). He also performed analysis of characteristics of laser beam and nuclear radiation interaction with materials, Transient Radiation Effects in Electronics (TREE), Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP), System Generated Electromagnetic Pulse (SGEMP), Single-Event Upset (SEU), Blast and, Thermo-mechanical, hardness assurance, maintenance, and device technology. His consultancy clients have included Sandia National Laboratories, and he holds patents in areas such as the design of diffusion furnaces, and Laser Activated Radioactive Decay. He is the author of several books on heat transfer and directed energy weapons technologies.
Dr. Patrick McDaniel is currently Adjunct and Research Professor in the Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering at the University of New Mexico. Dr. McDaniel began his career as a pilot and maintenance officer in the United States Air Force. He went on to work at Sandia National Laboratories in fast reactor safety, integral cross section measurements, nuclear weapons vulnerability, space nuclear power, and nuclear propulsion. He left Sandia to become the technical leader for the Phillips Laboratory Satellite Assessment Center for a decade, then returned to Sandia to lead DARPA's Stimulated Isomer Energy Release project. While at Sandia, he worked on the Yucca Mountain Project and DARPA's classified UER-X program. He has taught in the University of New Mexico's Nuclear Engineering program for 25 years, and has worked on many classified and unclassified projects in the application of nuclear engineering to high energy systems. Dr. McDaniel holds a Ph.D. in Nuclear Engineering from Purdue University.
Dr. Bahman Zohuri is founder of Galaxy Advanced Engineering, Inc. a consulting company that he formed upon leaving the semiconductor and defense industries after many years as a Senior Process Engineer for corporations including Westinghouse and Intel, and then as Senior Chief Scientist at Lockheed Missile and Aerospace Corporation . During his time with Westinghouse Electric Corporation, he performed thermal hydraulic analysis and natural circulation for Inherent Shutdown Heat Removal System (ISHRS) in the core of a Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactor (LMFBR). While at Lockheed, he was responsible for the study of vulnerability, survivability and component radiation and laser hardening for Defense Support Program (DSP), Boost Surveillance and Tracking Satellites (BSTS) and Space Surveillance and Tracking Satellites (SSTS). He also performed analysis of characteristics of laser beam and nuclear radiation interaction with materials, Transient Radiation Effects in Electronics (TREE), Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP), System Generated Electromagnetic Pulse (SGEMP), Single-Event Upset (SEU), Blast and, Thermo-mechanical, hardness assurance, maintenance, and device technology. His consultancy clients have included Sandia National Laboratories, and he holds patents in areas such as the design of diffusion furnaces, and Laser Activated Radioactive Decay. He is the author of several books on heat transfer and directed energy weapons technologies. Dr. Patrick McDaniel is currently Adjunct and Research Professor in the Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering at the University of New Mexico. Dr. McDaniel began his career as a pilot and maintenance officer in the United States Air Force. He went on to work at Sandia National Laboratories in fast reactor safety, integral cross section measurements, nuclear weapons vulnerability, space nuclear power, and nuclear propulsion. He left Sandia to become the technical leader for the Phillips Laboratory Satellite Assessment Center for a decade, then returned to Sandia to lead DARPA’s Stimulated Isomer Energy Release project. While at Sandia, he worked on the Yucca Mountain Project and DARPA’s classified UER-X program. He has taught in the University of New Mexico’s Nuclear Engineering program for 25 years, and has worked on many classified and unclassified projects in the application of nuclear engineering to high energy systems. Dr. McDaniel holds a Ph.D. in Nuclear Engineering from Purdue University.
Preface 6
Acknowledgments 7
Contents 8
About the Authors 17
Disclaimer 19
Chapter 1 20
Definitions and Basic Principles 20
1.1 Typical Pressurized Water Reactor 20
1.2 Scope of Thermodynamics 22
1.3 Units 24
1.3.1 Fundamental Units 24
1.3.2 Thermal Energy Units 25
1.3.3 Unit Conversion 26
1.4 Classical Thermodynamics 26
1.5 Open and Closed Systems 27
1.6 System Properties 29
1.6.1 Density 30
1.6.2 Pressure 30
1.6.3 Temperature 32
1.7 Properties of the Atmosphere 34
1.8 The Laws of Thermodynamics 35
Problems 35
References 42
Chapter 2 43
Properties of Pure Substances 43
2.1 Introduction 43
2.2 Properties of Pure Substances—Phase Changes 45
2.2.1 Phases of Pure Substances 47
2.2.2 Equations of State 47
2.3 Ideal Gas 48
2.4 Real Gases and Vapors 50
2.4.1 Simple Real Gas Equations of State 50
2.4.2 Determining the Adjustable Parameters 51
2.4.3 Other Useful Two Parameter Equations of State 54
2.4.4 Common Equations of State with Additional Parameters 56
2.4.5 The Liquid-Vapor Region 63
2.5 T – V Diagram for a Simple Compressible Substance 65
2.6 P – V Diagram for a Simple Compressible Substance 66
2.7 P – V – T Diagram for a Simple Compressible Substance 66
Problems 70
References 72
Chapter 3 73
Mixture 73
3.1?????Ideal Gas Mixtures 73
3.1.1?????Avogadro’s Number 73
3.1.2?????Mass Fractions 74
3.1.3?????Mole Fractions 74
3.1.4?????Dalton’s Law and Partial Pressures 75
3.1.5?????Amagat’ s Law and Partial Volumes 76
3.2?????Real Gas Mixtures 77
3.2.1?????Pseudo Critical States for Mixtures—Kay’s Rule 77
3.2.2?????Real Gas Equations of State 77
3.3?????Liquid Mixtures 78
3.3.1?????Conservation of Volumes 78
3.3.2?????Non-Conservation of Volumes and Molecular Packing 78
Problems 79
References 81
Chapter 4 82
Work and Heat 82
4.1 Introduction of the Work and Heat 82
4.2 Definition of Work 82
4.3 Quasi-Static Processes 85
4.4 Quasi-Equilibrium Work Due to Moving Boundary 86
4.5 Definition of a Cycle in Thermodynamic 90
4.6 Path Functions and Point or State Functions 92
4.7 PdV Work for Quasi-Static Process 94
4.8 Non-equilibrium Work 96
4.9 Other Work Modes 97
4.10 Reversible and Irreversible Process 106
4.11 Definition of Energy (Thermal Energy or Internal Energy) 108
4.12 Definition of Heat 109
4.13 Comparison of Work and Heat 110
Problems 113
References 115
Chapter 5 116
First Law of Thermodynamics 116
5.1 Introduction 116
5.2 System and Surroundings 119
5.2.1 Internal Energy 119
5.2.2 Heat Engines 120
5.3 Signs for Heat and Work in Thermodynamics 121
5.4 Work Done During Volume Changes 121
5.5 Paths Between Thermodynamic States 124
5.6 Path Independence 127
5.7 Heat and Work 129
5.8 Heat as Energy in Transition 130
5.9 The First Law of Thermodynamics Applied to a Cycle 131
5.10 Sign Convention 132
5.11 Heat is a Path Function 132
5.12 Energy is a Property of System 134
5.13 Energy of an Isolated System is Conserved 135
5.14 Internal Energy and the First Law of Thermodynamics 137
5.15 Internal Energy of an Ideal Gas 142
5.16 Introduction to Enthalpy 143
5.17 Latent Heat 145
5.18 Specific Heats 146
5.19 Heat Capacities of an Ideal Gas 153
5.20 Adiabatic Processes for an Ideal Gas 155
5.21 Summary 160
Problems 161
References 166
Chapter 6 167
The Kinetic Theory of Gases 167
6.1 Kinetic Theory Basis for the Ideal Gas Law 167
6.2 Collisions with a Moving Wall 171
6.3 Real Gas Effects and Equations of State 172
6.4 Principle of Corresponding States 173
6.5 Kinetic Theory of Specific Heats 174
6.6 Specific Heats for Solids 177
6.7 Mean Free Path of Molecules in a Gas 178
6.8 Distribution of Mean Free Paths 180
6.9 Coefficient of Viscosity 182
6.10 Thermal Conductivity 186
Problems 187
Reference 187
Chapter 7 188
Second Law of Thermodynamics 188
7.1 Introduction 188
7.2 Heat Engines, Heat Pumps, and Refrigerators 188
7.3 Statements of the Second Law of Thermodynamics 190
7.4 Reversibility 191
7.5 The Carnot Engine 191
7.6 The Concept of Entropy 194
7.7 The Concept of Entropy 196
7.8 Entropy for an Ideal Gas with Variable Specific Heats 198
7.9 Entropy for Steam, Liquids and Solids 200
7.10 The Inequality of Clausius 201
7.11 Entropy Change for an Irreversible Process 203
7.12 The Second Law Applied to a Control Volume 204
Problems 206
Chapter 8 208
Reversible Work, Irreversibility, and Exergy (Availability) 208
8.1 Reversible Work, and Irreversibility 208
8.2 Exergy 211
Problems 215
Chapter 9 217
Gas Kinetic Theory of Entropy 217
9.1 Some Elementary Microstate and Macrostate Models 218
9.2 Stirling’s Approximation for Large Values of N 223
9.3 The Boltzmann Distribution Law 224
9.4 Estimating the Width of the Most Probable Macrostate Distribution 228
9.5 Estimating the Variation of W with the Total Energy 230
9.6 Analyzing an Approach to Thermal Equilibrium 232
9.7 The Physical Meaning of ? 233
9.8 The Concept of Entropy 234
9.9 Partition Functions 235
9.10 Indistinguishable Objects 236
9.11 Evaluation of Partition Functions 243
9.12 Maxwell-Boltzmann Velocity Distribution 247
Problems 248
References 248
Chapter 10 249
Thermodynamic Relations 249
10.1 Thermodynamic Potentials 249
10.2 Maxwell Relations 252
10.3 Clapeyron Equation 256
10.4 Specific Heat Relations Using the Maxwell Relations 257
10.5 The Difference Between the Specific Heats for a Real Gas 259
10.6 Joule-Thomson Coefficient 260
Problems 261
References 262
Chapter 11 263
Combustion 263
11.1 Introduction 263
11.2 Chemical Combustion 265
11.3 Combustion Equations 266
11.4 Mass and Mole Fractions 269
11.5 Enthalpy of Formation 271
11.6 Enthalpy of Combustion 275
11.7 Adiabatic Flame Temperature 275
Problems 278
References 279
Chapter 12 281
Heat Transfer 281
12.1 Fundamental Modes of Heat Transfer 281
12.2 Conduction 282
12.3 Convection 282
12.4 Radiation 283
12.5 Heat Conduction in a Slab 286
12.6 Heat Conduction in Curve-Linear Geometries 287
12.7 Convection 291
12.8 Boundary Layer Concept 292
12.9 Dimensionless Numbers or Groups 297
12.10 Correlations for Common Geometries 299
12.11 Enhanced Heat Transfer 307
12.12 Pool Boiling and Forced Convection Boiling 310
12.13 Nucleate Boiling Regime 314
12.14 Peak Heat Flux 317
12.15 Film Boiling Regime 319
Problems 321
References 331
Chapter 13 332
Heat Exchangers 332
13.1 Heat Exchangers Types 332
13.2 Classification of Heat Exchanger by Construction Type 335
13.2.1 Tubular Heat Exchangers 335
13.2.2 Plate Heat Exchangers 336
13.2.3 Plate Fin Heat Exchangers 337
13.2.4 Tube Fin Heat Exchangers 337
13.2.5 Regenerative Heat Exchangers 338
13.3 Condensers 338
13.4 Boilers 339
13.5 Classification According to Compactness 339
13.6 Types of Applications 340
13.7 Cooling Towers 340
13.8 Regenerators and Recuperators 341
13.9 Heat Exchanger Analysis: Use of the LMTD 346
13.10 Effectiveness-NTU Method for Heat Exchanger Design 354
13.11 Special Operating Conditions 360
13.12 Compact Heat Exchangers 361
Problems 365
References 366
Chapter 14 367
Gas Power Cycles 367
14.1 Introduction 367
14.1.1 Open Cycle 371
14.1.2 Closed Cycle 372
14.2 Gas Compressors and Brayton Cycle 372
14.3 The Non-Ideal Brayton Cycle 379
14.4 The Air Standard Cycle 383
14.5 Equivalent Air Cycle 387
14.6 Carnot Cycle 388
14.7 Otto Cycle 392
14.7.1 Mean Effective Pressure (Otto Cycle) 395
14.8 Diesel Cycle 398
14.8.1 Mean Effective Pressure (Diesel Cycle) 402
14.9 Comparison of Otto and Diesel Cycles 403
14.10 Dual Cycle 405
14.10.1 Mean Effective Pressure for Dual Cycle 408
14.11 Stirling Cycle 409
14.12 Ericsson Cycle 412
14.13 Atkinson Cycle 414
14.14 Lenoir Cycle 416
14.15 Deviation of Actual Cycles from Air Standard Cycles 418
14.16 Recuperated Cycle 418
Problems 421
References 427
Chapter 15 428
Vapor Power Cycles 428
15.1 The Basic Rankine Cycle 428
15.2 Process Efficiency 433
15.3 The Rankine Cycle with a Superheater 438
15.4 External Reversibilities 440
15.5 Superheated Rankine Cycle with Reheaters 442
15.6 Feed Water Heaters 445
15.6.1 Open or Direct Contact Feedwater Heaters 445
15.6.2 Closed Feed Water Heaters with Drain Pumped Forward Second Type 447
15.6.3 Closed Feed Water Heaters with Drain Pumped Forward Third Type 449
15.7 The Supercritical Rankine Cycle 453
Problems 453
References 453
Chapter 16 454
Circulating Water Systems 454
16.1 Introduction 454
16.2 Cooling Power Plants 457
16.2.1 Steam Cycle Heat Transfer 458
16.2.2 Cooling to Condense the Steam and Discharge Surplus Heat 460
16.3 Circulating Water Systems 461
16.4 Service or Cooling Water Systems 463
Chapter 17 466
Electrical System 466
17.1 Introduction 466
17.2 Balancing the Circuit to Maximize the Energy Delivered to the Load 466
17.3 Optimizing the Transmission of Energy to the Load 469
17.4 Overview of an Electrical Grid System 470
17.5 How Power Grids System Work 471
17.5.1 Electrical Alternating (AC) 473
17.5.2 Three-Phase Power 473
17.5.3 Transmission System 474
17.5.4 Substation (Terminal Station) System 474
17.5.5 Zone Substation System 475
17.5.6 Regulator Bank System 476
17.5.7 Taps System 477
17.5.8 At the House Level 478
17.5.9 Safety Devices: Fuses, Circuit Breakers, Plugs and Outlets 481
17.5.10 Control Centers 484
17.5.11 Interstate Power Grids 484
17.6 United States Power Grid 484
17.7 Smart Power Grid (SG) 488
References 489
Chapter 18 490
Nuclear Power Plants 490
18.1 Fission Energy Generation 490
18.2 The First Chain Reaction 491
18.3 Concepts in Nuclear Criticality 494
18.4 Fundamental of Fission Nuclear Reactors 494
18.5 Reactor Fundamentals 496
18.6 Thermal Reactors 497
18.7 Nuclear Power Plants and Their Classifications 498
18.8 Classified by Moderator Material 498
18.8.1 Light Water Reactors (LWR) 498
18.8.2 Graphite Moderated Reactors (GMR) 499
18.8.3 Heavy Water Reactors (HWR) 500
18.9 Classified by Coolant Material 502
18.9.1 Pressurized Water Reactors (PWR) 502
18.9.2 Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) 504
18.9.3 Gas Cooled Reactors (GCR) 505
18.10 Classified by Reaction Type 508
18.10.1 Fast Neutron Reactor (FNR) 508
18.10.2 Thermal Neutron Reactor 510
18.10.3 Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactors (LMFBR) 511
18.11 Nuclear Fission Power Generation 514
18.12 Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems 515
18.13 Technological State of the Art and Anticipated Developments 517
18.14 Next Generation Nuclear Plant (NGNP) 520
18.15 Generation IV Systems 521
18.15.1 Very High Temperature Reactor (VHTR) 523
18.15.2 Molten Salt Reactor (MSR) 524
18.15.3 Sodium Cooled Fast Reactor (SFR) 526
18.15.4 Super Critical Water Cooled Reactor (SCWR) 527
18.15.5 Gas Cooled Fast Reactor (GFR) 530
18.15.6 Lead Cooled Fast Reactor (LFR) 533
18.16 Next Generation of Nuclear Power Reactors for Power Production 533
18.17 Goals for Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems 535
18.18 Why We Need to Consider the Future Role of Nuclear Power Now 537
18.19 The Generation IV Roadmap Project 540
18.20 Licensing Strategy Components 541
18.21 Market and Industry Status and Potentials 542
18.22 Barriers 543
18.23 Needs 544
18.24 Synergies with Other Sectors 545
Problems 546
References 546
Chapter 19 550
Nuclear Fuel Cycle 550
19.1 The Nuclear Fuel Cycle 550
19.2 Fuel Cycle Choices 554
19.3 In Core Fuel Management 557
19.4 Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management 558
19.4.1 Managing HLW from Used Fuel 559
19.4.2 Recycling Used Fuel 562
19.4.3 Storage and Disposal of Used Fuel and Other HLW 563
19.4.4 Regulation of Disposal 567
19.5 Processing of Used Nuclear Fuel 568
19.5.1 Reprocessing Policies 568
19.6 Back End of Fuel Cycle 569
Chapter 20 571
The Economic Future of Nuclear Power 571
20.1 Introduction 571
20.2 Overall Costs: Fuel, Operation and Waste Disposal 572
20.2.1 Fuel Costs 573
20.2.2 Future Cost Competitiveness 577
20.2.3 Major Studies on Future Cost Competitiveness 578
20.2.4 Operations and Maintenance (O& M) Costs
20.3 Production Costs 584
20.3.1 Costs Related to Waste Management 587
20.3.2 Life-Cycle Costs (U.S. Figures) 590
20.3.3 Construction Costs 590
20.4 Comparing the Economics of Different Forms of Electricity Generation 591
20.5 System Cost 592
20.6 External costs 592
References 596
Chapter 21 597
Safety, Waste Disposal, Containment, and Accidents 597
21.1 Safety 597
21.2 Nuclear Waste Disposal 598
21.3 Contamination 600
21.4 Accidents 602
References 604
Erratum to: Thermodynamics In Nuclear Power Plant Systems 605
Appendix A: Table and Graphs Compilations 607
A.1 Physical Constants 607
A.2 Conversion Factors 608
A.3 Standard Atmosphere 610
Table A.3.1 SI Units 610
Table A.3.2 English Units 611
A.4 Critical State Properties of Gases 612
A.5 Constants for Van Der Waals Equation of State 613
A.6 Constants for Redlich-Kwong Equation of State 613
A.7 Constants for the Peng-Robinson Equation of State 614
A.8 Thermophysical Properties of Solids 615
A.9 Thermophysical Properties of Liquids 618
A.10 Thermophysical Properties of Gases 620
A.11 Ideal Gas Heat Capacities for Selected Gases 621
A.12 Enthalpy of Formation and Enthalpy of Vaporization 622
Appendix 13 Gas Property Tables for Selected Gases 623
A.13.1 Air Properties (SI Units) 623
A.13.2 Air Properties (English Units) 627
A.13.3 H2O Properties (SI Units) 631
A.13.4 H2O Properties (English Units) 634
A.13.5 CO2 Properties (SI Units) 638
A.13.6 CO2 Properties (English Units) 641
A.13.7 Nitrogen Properties (SI Units) 645
A.13.8 Nitrogen Properties (English Units) 649
A.13.9 Oxygen Properties (SI Units) 653
A.13.10 Oxygen Properties (English Units) 657
A.13.11 Hydrogen Properties (SI Units) 661
A.13.12 Hydrogen Properties (English Units) 664
Appendix 14 Thermodynamic Properties for Water 668
A.14.1 The Saturation Temperature vs. Pressure (SI Units) 668
A.14.2 The Saturation Pressure vs. Temperature (SI Units) 671
A.14.3 Superheated Steam Table (SI Units) 675
A.14.4 H2O Compressed Liquid Table (SI units) 685
A.14.5 The Saturation Temperature vs. Pressure (English Units) 690
A.14.6 The Saturation Pressure vs. Temperature (English Units) 694
A.14.7 Superheated Steam Table (English Units) 697
A.14.8 H2O Compressed Liquid Tables (English Units) 710
Appendix 15 Thermodynamic Property Tables for Carbon Dioxide 713
A.15.1 CO2 Saturation Temperature Table (SI Units) 713
A.15.2 CO2 Saturation Pressure Table (SI Units) 714
A.15.3 Superheated CO2 Table (SI Units) 715
Appendix 16 Thermodynamic Property Tables for Sodium 721
A.16.1 Sodium Temperature Saturation Table (SI units) 721
A.16.2 Sodium Pressure Saturation Table (SI units) 722
A.16.3 Superheated Sodium Table (SI Units) 723
A.16.4 Sodium Temperature Saturation Table (English Units) 726
A.16.5 Sodium Pressure Saturation Table (English Units) 727
A.16.6 Superheated Sodium Table (English Units) 728
Index 732
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 20.4.2015 |
|---|---|
| Zusatzinfo | XXIII, 724 p. 321 illus., 146 illus. in color. |
| Verlagsort | Cham |
| Sprache | englisch |
| Themenwelt | Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie |
| Technik ► Elektrotechnik / Energietechnik | |
| Schlagworte | Brayton Cycles • Maxwell relations • Nuclear Energy Systems • Nuclear Plant Operation • Nuclear Plant Reference • Nuclear Power System • nuclear reactor • Nuclear Safety Analysis • Nuclear thermodynamics • Nuclear Waste Disposal • Rankine Cycles • Reactivity Control • Thermodynamic analysis |
| ISBN-10 | 3-319-13419-1 / 3319134191 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-3-319-13419-2 / 9783319134192 |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
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