Front Cover 1
Related titles 3
Pervaporation, Vapour Permeation and Membrane Distillation 4
Copyright 5
Contents 6
List of contributors 12
Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy 14
Preface 18
Part One - Pervaporation 22
1 - Fundamentals of pervaporation 24
1.1 Introduction 24
1.2 Fundamentals of mass and heat transfer in pervaporation 24
1.3 Process and technological matters in pervaporation 30
1.4 Concluding remarks and future trends 35
References 36
1. Appendix: notation and abbreviations 38
2 - Pervaporation membranes: preparation, characterization, and application 40
2.1 Introduction 40
2.2 Pervaporation (PV) membrane materials 41
2.3 Characterization of pervaporation membranes 54
2.4 Membrane module configurations for pervaporation 57
2.5 Membranes for pervaporation applications 59
2.6 Future trends and conclusions 74
References 75
2. Appendix: notation and abbreviations 82
3 - Integrated systems involving pervaporation and applications 86
3.1 Introduction to integrated systems involving pervaporation 86
3.2 Applications of integrated systems involving pervaporation 88
3.3 Conclusions and future trends 100
3.4 Sources of further information and advice 101
References 102
3. Appendix: abbreviations 106
4 - Pervaporation modeling: state of the art and future trends 108
4.1 Introduction 108
4.2 Fundamentals of pervaporation modeling 109
4.3 Applications to improve the efficiency of pervaporation 121
4.4 Conclusions 122
4.5 Future trends 122
4.6 Sources of further information and advice 124
References 124
4. Appendix: notation 126
5 - Next-generation pervaporation membranes: recent trends, challenges and perspectives 128
5.1 Introduction 128
5.2 Modified ceramic membranes 130
5.3 Mixed matrix membranes 137
5.4 Bio-inspired membranes and membrane synthesis approaches 143
5.5 Supported liquid (SL) membranes 148
5.6 Final remarks and future trends 151
5.7 Sources of further information 152
References 152
5. Appendix: abbreviations 161
Part Two - Vapour permeation 164
6 - Membranes for vapour permeation: preparation and characterization 166
6.1 Introduction 166
6.2 Polymer membranes 167
6.3 Zeolite membranes 173
6.4 Mixed matrix membranes 182
6.5 Future directions 187
References 188
6. Appendix: abbreviations 195
7 - Integrated systems involving membrane vapor permeation and applications 198
7.1 Introduction 198
7.2 Integrated systems involving membrane vapor separation 201
7.3 Applications of membrane vapor separation 213
7.4 Conclusion and sources of further information and advice 217
7.5 Future trends in development of membrane vapor separation 218
References 219
7. Appendix: notation and abbreviations 222
8 - Vapour permeation modelling 224
8.1 Introduction 224
8.2 Fundamentals of vapour permeation modelling into dense polymeric membranes 225
8.3 Diffusion modelling 227
8.4 Solubility modelling 240
8.5 Vapour permeation in mixed matrix membranes and heterogeneous systems 252
8.6 Future trends 254
8.7 Conclusions 258
References 258
8. Appendix: notation and abbreviations 264
9 - New generation vapour permeation membranes 268
9.1 Introduction 268
9.2 Current limitations of vapour permeation (VP) 274
9.3 Emerging VP membrane materials 279
9.4 Emerging membrane module configurations 283
9.5 Emerging applications for VP 283
9.6 Conclusions and future trends 287
9.7 Sources of further information 288
Acknowledgements 288
References 288
9. Appendix: notation and abbreviations 294
Part Three - Membrane distillation 296
10 - Fundamentals of membrane distillation 298
10.1 Introduction: nonisothermal membrane processes 298
10.2 Key characteristics of membrane distillation 301
10.3 Types of membranes and membrane module configurations for membrane distillation 305
10.4 Membrane distillation theory 310
10.5 Typical application of membrane distillation technology 329
10.6 Conclusions 330
10.7 Future trends and sources of further information and advice 330
Acknowledgments 332
References 332
10. Appendix: abbreviations 337
11 - Membranes used in membrane distillation: preparation and characterization 338
11.1 Introduction 338
11.2 Materials for membrane distillation (MD) membranes 340
11.3 Design and fabrication of MD membranes 348
11.4 Characterization of MD membranes 359
11.5 MD membrane modules and testing of MD membranes 362
11.6 Conclusions and future trends 365
11.7 Sources of further information and advice 370
Acknowledgments 370
References 371
11. Appendix: abbreviations 378
12 - Integrated systems involving membrane distillation and applications 382
12.1 Introduction 382
12.2 Applications of membrane distillation in desalination 383
12.3 Other applications of membrane distillation 390
12.4 Integrated systems involving membrane distillation 396
12.5 Conclusions and future trends 398
12.6 Sources of further information 399
References 399
12. Appendix: abbreviations 404
13 - Modelling of pore wetting in membrane distillation compared with pervaporation 406
13.1 Introduction 406
13.2 Fundamentals of membrane distillation (MD) modelling and improvement 409
13.3 Review of experimental works on MD membrane pore wetting 411
13.4 Development of a theoretical model for pore wetting in vacuum MD 420
13.5 Conclusions and future directions 430
References 431
13. Appendix: notation and abbreviations 433
14 - Next generation membranes for membrane distillation and future prospects 436
14.1 Introduction 436
14.2 Materials for membrane distillation 437
14.3 Emerging module configurations for membrane distillation 456
14.4 Conclusions and future trends 459
References 460
14. Appendix: notation and abbreviations 467
Index 470