Nuclear Geophysics (eBook)

1      Introduction: Fundamentals of Nuclear Physics            1.1 Natural Stable and Radioactive Isotopes            1.2 Nuclear Reactions and Sources of Radioactivity             1.3 Laws of Radioactive Decay and Attenuation of Radiation            1.4 Measurement Techniques and Health Hazards Part I Use of Nuclear Techniques for Determination of Soil Properties 2       Methods Based on the Absorption of the Gamma-Ray Beam by Matter             2.1 Main Principles             2.2 Transmission of Narrow and Broad Gamma-Ray Beams through Matter             2.3 Mass Absorption Coefficients of Rocks             2.4 Sensitivity of the Method             2.5 Deviations from the Mean Density             2.6 Determination of Soil Density by Gamma-Ray Absorption              2.7 Studies of Moisture Content Dynamics in Soil             2.8 Determination of the Amount of Water Stored in Snow Cover             2.9 Studies of the Evaporation Process 3       The Gamma-Ray Back-Scattering Method             3.1 Principles and Range of Application             3.2 Optimal Parameters of Measuring Probe             3.3 Design of Gamma-Ray Density Gauges and the Range of their Application                     3.3.1 Surface Type Gamma Ray Density Gauges                    3.3.2 Gamma-Ray Density Gauges Used in Wells                    3.3.3 Gamma-Ray Density Gauges for Direct Insertion into the Ground             3.4 Technological Aspects of Measurement and Calibration 4       Neutron Back-Scattering Method              4.1 Principles and Range of Application              4.2 Optimal Parameters of Measuring Probe                     4.2.1 Sensitivity of the Method                     4.2.2 Maximum Working Depth                     4.2.3 Effects of Parameters of the Medium               4.3 Design of Neutron Moisture Gauges                 4.4 Possible Errors in the Moisture Content Measured by the Neutron Method               4.5 Calibration of Neutron Moisture Gauges  Part II Penetration Logging Techniques  5       Penetration Logging Methods and Equipment              5.1 Essence of Penetration Logging Techniques and Conditions of Application               5.2 Experimental Penetration Logging Rig SUGP-10              5.3 The Penetration Logging Rig and Equipment SPK              5.4 The Submerged Penetration Logging Rig PSPK-69 Mounted on                     the Exploration Catamaran Type Ship “Geologist-1” 6      Theoretical Basis of Penetration Logging Tests              6.1 Solutions Based on the Theory of Ultimate Equilibrium             6.2 Imbedding of Spherical Probe into an Infinite Elastic Medium             6.3 Imbedding of Spherical Probe into Elastic-Creeping Medium              6.4 Two-Dimensional Axis-Symmetric Problem of Relaxation Stress             6.5 Conditions for Measuring Ground Parameters by Static Penetration 7      Experimental Studies and Interpretation of Penetration Logging Data             7.1 Density, Moisture, Porosity, Groundwater Level            7.2 Influence of Sounding Parameters on Ground Resistance and Friction            7.3 Modulus of Ground Compressibility            7.4 Ground Shear and Rheology Parameters            7.5 Normal Pressure            7.6 Lithology Stratification 8     Application of Penetration Logging Techniques in Geoengineering Exploration                    8.1Geological and Geographical Conditions for Application of Penetration Logging             8.2 Practical Applications             8.3 Engineering Geological and Hydrogeological Mapping                     8.3.1 Study for Irrigation Land Projects                    8.3.2 Study for Drainage Land Projects                    8.3.3 Geoengineering Studies in a Region of Glacial Sediments                     8.3.4 Prospecting for Building Construction                    8.3.5 Study of a Landslide Slope                     8.3.6 Study of Bottom Marine Sediments at Novorossiysk Port                    8.3.7 Study of Novorossiysk Oil Jetty Structures             8.4 Combined Application of Penetration Logging and Traditional                              Geophysical Methods Part III  Natural Isotopes in Environmental Studies 9     Stable Isotopes in Study of Global Hydrological Cycle               9.1 Separation of Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotopes at Phase Transition of Water              9.2 Isotopic Composition of Ocean Water              9.3 Isotopic Composition of Atmospheric Moisture              9.4 Isotopic Composition of Continental Surface Waters              9.5 Isotopic Composition of Water in Evaporating Basins              9.6 Isotopic Composition of Water in Unsaturated and Saturated Zones              9.7. Isotopic Composition of Formation Waters               9.8  Isotopic Composition of Groundwater in Volcanic Regions                      9.8.1 Isotopes in Studying the Origin of Thermal Waters           9.8.2 Isotopic Geothermometers 10     Cosmogenic Radioisotopes for Study of the Genesis and Dynamics of Water                10.1 Origin and Distribution of Cosmogenic Radioisotopes                 10.2 Sources of Tritium Discharge into Natural Waters                10.3 Global Circulation of Tritium Water                        10.3.1  Tritium in Atmospheric Hydrogen and Methane            10.3.2  Tritium in Atmospheric Water Vapour                        10.3.3  Tritium in Precipitation                        10.3.4   Formation of Tritium Concentrations in the Atmosphere                10.4 Tritium in Ocean Waters                10.5 Tritium in Continental Surface Waters                         10.5.1 Tritium Contents in River Water                         10.5.2  Tritium in Lakes and Reservoirs                10.6  Tritium in Groundwaters                10.7  Dating by Tritium                          10.7.1 Piston Flow Model                          10.7.2 Dispersive Model                         10.7.3 Complete Mixing Model                          10.7.4 Symmetrical Binominal Age Distribution Model                          10.7.5 Model of Mixing Waters of Different Ages                         10.7.6 Complicated Model                 10.8 Radiocarbon in Natural Waters                          10.8.1  Origin and Distribution of Radiocarbon in Nature                        10.8.2  Natural Variations of Radiocarbon in the Atmosphere and Biosphere                        10.8.3  Natural Radiocarbon in Oceans                        10.8.4  Technogenic Radiocarbon in the Atmosphere and Oceans                        10.8.5  Forecast of Carbon Dioxide Increase in the Atmosphere                        10.8.6  Principles of Radiocarbon Dating                        10.8.7   Radiocarbon Dating of Groundwater                 10.9 Other Cosmogenic Radioisotopes  11       Radiogenic Isotopes in Dating of Natural Waters and Sediments         11.1 Production and Distribution of Radiogenic Isotopes                  11.2 Separation of Radiogenic Isotopes                           11.2.1 Separation of Uranium Isotopes                           11.2.2 Separation of Thorium Isotopes                            11.2.3 Separation of Radium Isotopes                  11.3  Distribution of Radiogenic Isotopes in Natural Waters                       11.3.1 Uranium Isotopes in Natural Waters                           11.3.2 Thorium Isotopes in Natural Waters                  11.4 Dating of Surface and Groundwaters                          11.4.1 Dating of Closed Reservoirs                          11.4.2 Dating of Groundwater                  11.5 Dating of Sediments                           11.5.1 Uranium-Uranium Method                        11.5.2 Uranium-Ionium Method                  11.6  Radiogenic Isotopes as Indicators of Hydrologic Processes  Part IV Other Applications 12      Radioactive Contamination of Natural Waters               12.1 Sources of Radioactive Contamination of Water                          12.1.1 Nature and Properties of Radioactive Effluents                          12.1.2 Future Developments in Nuclear Technology and                                     Disposal of Effluents                   12.2 Migration of Radioactive-Effluent Components through Soil and Ground                           12.2.1 Migration Activity                           12.2.2 Natural Mineral Sorbents                     12.2.3 Natural Organic Sorbents                       12.3 Estimation of Absorbing Properties of Soil and Ground and Migration                         Activity of Radioactive Micro-components                               12.3.1 Determining the Absorption Capacity                               12.3.2 Absorption Capacity of Soil and Ground for Components of                                           Contaminants                                12.3.3 Absorption of Radioactive Components under Dynamic Conditions 13       Induced-Activity Method for Analysis of Rocks and Groundwaters                     13.1 Principles and Range of Application                     13.2 Activation Reactions in Principal Rock-Forming Elements and Water                    13.3 Theory of the Method                    13.4 Laboratory Activation Analysis for Aluminium and Silicon  ConclusionsSubject index